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Journal of Applied Physics

Two-Level Maser Materials

R. H. Hoskins

Published May 1, 1959• 3 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1063/1.1735241

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The three-level excitation method for solid state masers, including some background material on paramagnetic resonance, is reviewed. With respect to the experimental application of the maser material, two cases can be distinguished, In the first, maser action is based mainly on a favorable relaxation time ratio in signal and idler transitions. It is shown that the relaxation time ratio can be changed artificially by a doping technique. Experimental evidence is presented for two such doping techniques, one self-doping, the other impurity doping. In the second case, maser action is based primarily on a favorable frequency ratio of signal and idler transitions. Maser experiments using this approach are described. In addition, excitation of unidirectional gain and attenuation by circular polarization is discussed. Properties of practical isolator materials are surveyed; they include high-concentration paramagnetic and polycryslolline ferrimagnetic materials.

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Recovery technique for saturated masers

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The practical application of masers is often hindered by saturation effects of the maser material. Any strong signal frequency (e.g., the transmitter pulse of a radar system leaking into the maser) will cause saturation. This paralyzes the maser for a period of time, too long for most intended applications. In this report, a method is described which has been used in desaturating a four-level ruby maser. The saturation is caused by equalizing the populations of levels one, two, and three of the maser crystal by the leakage of the transmitter pulse, in addition to the action of the maser pump. The application of a desaturation pulse between levels one and four will then desaturate the maser restoring the excess population density between levels two and one. In a cavity maser, full recovery of the amplification capabilities has been achieved within less than 1 msec after the maser has been saturated. Repetition rates up to 120 cps are tolerable.

IRE Transactions on Electron Devices•Oct 1, 1960•2 citations
The three-level excitation method for solid state masers, including some background material on paramagnetic resonance, is reviewed. With respect to the experimental application of the maser material, two cases can be distinguished, In the first, maser action is based mainly on a favorable relaxation time ratio in signal and idler transitions. It is shown that the relaxation time ratio can be changed artificially by a doping technique. Experimental evidence is presented for two such doping techniques, one self-doping, the other impurity doping. In the second case, maser action is based primarily on a favorable frequency ratio of signal and idler transitions. Maser experiments using this approach are described. In addition, excitation of unidirectional gain and attenuation by circular polarization is discussed. Properties of practical isolator materials are surveyed; they include high-concentration paramagnetic and polycryslolline ferrimagnetic materials.
The practical application of masers is often hindered by saturation effects of the maser material. Any strong signal frequency (e.g., the transmitter pulse of a radar system leaking into the maser) will cause saturation. This paralyzes the maser for a period of time, too long for most intended applications. In this report, a method is described which has been used in desaturating a four-level ruby maser. The saturation is caused by equalizing the populations of levels one, two, and three of the maser crystal by the leakage of the transmitter pulse, in addition to the action of the maser pump. The application of a desaturation pulse between levels one and four will then desaturate the maser restoring the excess population density between levels two and one. In a cavity maser, full recovery of the amplification capabilities has been achieved within less than 1 msec after the maser has been saturated. Repetition rates up to 120 cps are tolerable.