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IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications

Guaranteeing Secrecy using Artificial Noise

Satashu Goel, Rohit Negi

Published Jun 1, 2008• 1,921 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The broadcast nature of the wireless medium makes the communication over this medium vulnerable to eavesdropping. This paper considers the problem of secret communication between two nodes, over a fading wireless medium, in the presence of a passive eavesdropper. The assumption used is that the transmitter and its helpers (amplifying relays) have more antennas than the eavesdropper. The transmitter ensures secrecy of communication by utilizing some of the available power to produce 'artificial noise', such that only the eavesdropper's channel is degraded. Two scenarios are considered, one where the transmitter has multiple transmit antennas, and the other where amplifying relays simulate the effect of multiple antennas. The channel state information (CSI) is assumed to be publicly known, and hence, the secrecy of communication is independent of the secrecy of CSI.

DOI
10.1109/twc.2008.060848

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The broadcast nature of the wireless medium makes the communication over this medium vulnerable to eavesdropping. This paper considers the problem of secret communication between two nodes, over a fading wireless medium, in the presence of a passive eavesdropper. The assumption used is that the transmitter and its helpers (amplifying relays) have more antennas than the eavesdropper. The transmitter ensures secrecy of communication by utilizing some of the available power to produce 'artificial noise', such that only the eavesdropper's channel is degraded. Two scenarios are considered, one where the transmitter has multiple transmit antennas, and the other where amplifying relays simulate the effect of multiple antennas. The channel state information (CSI) is assumed to be publicly known, and hence, the secrecy of communication is independent of the secrecy of CSI.
The broadcast nature of the wireless medium makes the communication over this medium vulnerable to eavesdropping. This report considers the problem of secret communication between two nodes, over a fading wireless medium, in the presence of a passive eavesdropper. The assumption used is that the transmitter and its helpers (amplifying relays) have more antennas than the eavesdropper. The transmitter ensures secrecy of communication by utilizing some of the available power to produce ‘artificial noise’, such that only the eavesdropper’s channel is degraded. Two scenarios are considered, one where the transmitter has multiple transmit antennas, and the other where amplifying relays simulate the effect of multiple antennas. The channel state information (CSI) is assumed to be publicly known, and hence, the secrecy of communication is independent of the secrecy of CSI.
Abstract — The problem of secret communication between two nodes over a wireless link is considered, where a passive eavesdropper may overhear the communication. It is desired that the eavesdropper be unable to decode the message. We show that secrecy can be achieved by adding artificially generated noise to the information bearing signal such that it does not degrade the intended receiver’s channel. We consider two different scenarios; one in which the transmitter has multiple transmit antennas and the other in which the transmitter has a single antenna but ‘helper ’ nodes are available. In the multiple antenna scenario, the degrees of freedom provided by the multiple antennas is used to generate noise intelligently so that it degrades only the eavesdropper’s channel. In the multiple helper scenario, even though the transmitter does not have multiple antennas, the helper nodes simulate the effect of multiple antennas and allow the transmitter to generate artificial noise as in the previous case.
We consider the problem of secret communications between two nodes over a wireless link in the presence of multiple passive eavesdroppers which may collude. Both the transmitter and the receiver are assumed to have multiple antennas and the multiple colluding eavesdroppers are modeled by an eavesdropper with multiple antennas. Communication is secret if the eavesdropper is unable to decode the message whereas the receiver can decode the message without making any errors. Thus, we deal with the problem of secrecy in a MIMO scenario. It is shown how the transmitter can use the multiple antennas to add artificially generated noise to the information signal such that the artificial noise only degrades the eavesdropper's channel. Thus, even if the eavesdropper has a 'better' channel than the receiver, secret communication is made possible by selectively degrading the eavesdropper's channel. The secrecy of communication is achieved by exploiting the physical characteristics of the wireless medium and it is independent of the secrecy of channel state information (CSI)
Secure wireless communication has always been a hot research topic due to the vulnerabilities associated with wireless channel. Physical layer aspects to secure wireless communication, based on the information-theoretic security and signal processing methods have gained much recognition over the last decade. Specifically, artificial noise (AN) methods are assumed to be good means for providing security against potential eavesdroppers in multi-input multi-output (MIMO) systems and/or relay systems. However, there are still a large number of nodes which do not have multi-antennas or support sophisticated protocols in wireless networks. In this paper, a novel AN-aided method is proposed to secure wireless communications between the legitimate users (not equipped with multiple antennas) in the presence of an eavesdropper. In this proposed method frequency selective property of wireless channel is exploited. The basic principle is same in which transmitter generate random AN signal utilizing some of the transmission power to confuse eavesdropper. However artificial noise is generated in such a way that it appears to be zero at the sampling time, only for the legitimate receiver while degrading eavesdropper's channel. Artificial noise is specified using the channel state information (CSI) of the legitimate users' link. However, the secrecy of proposed scheme doesn't depend on the secrecy of CSI. Extensive simulation suggests that the proposed scheme can effectively utilized for securing wireless transmissions.
In this article, a new relay-aided secure communication system is investigated, where a transmitter sends signals to a destination via an amplify-and-forward (AF) relay in the presence of an eavesdropper. We consider a general system configuration, where the source, relay, destination, and eavesdropper are all equipped with multiple antennas. In the practical scenarios of unknown eavesdropper's channel state information (CSI) and uncertainty of the eavesdropper's location, we aim to maximize the expected value of the system secrecy rate over the presumed distribution of the eavesdropper's channels, by exploiting the artificial noise (AN) transmitted by the source and relay nodes. The system design issue is formulated as a nonconvex stochastic optimization problem with a source transmission power constraint and a nonconvex relay transmission power constraint. A novel computational method is proposed to solve this challenging problem. The new method is developed based on an exact penalty function method together with a parallel stochastic decomposition algorithm. Numerical simulations are performed to study the effectiveness of the proposed scheme at various locations of the eavesdropper. Simulation results show that for most cases, secure communication can be achieved without the CSI knowledge of eavesdropper's channels, and the achievable secrecy rate follows the trend of a benchmark system where the eavesdropper's full CSI is available. In particular, the achievable system secrecy rate increases with the number of antennas at the legitimate users. Moreover, the optimal power allocated for the transmission of the AN increases with the system signal-to-noise ratio. The proposed computational method achieves a higher system secrecy rate than a conventional penalty function based approach.
In this paper, we consider a secrecy relaying communication scenario where all nodes are equipped with multiple antennas. An eavesdropper has the access to the global channel state information (CSI), and all the other nodes only know the CSI not associated with the eavesdropper. A new secrecy transmission protocol is proposed, where the concept of interference alignment is combined with cooperative jamming to ensure that artificial noise from transmitters can be aligned at the destination, but not at the eavesdropper due to the randomness of wireless channels. Analytical results, such as ergodic secrecy rate and outage probability, are developed, from which more insightful understanding of the proposed protocol, such as multiplexing and diversity gains, can be obtained. A few special cases, where outage probability cannot be decreased to zero regardless of SNR, are also discussed. Simulation results are provided to demonstrate the performance of the proposed secrecy transmission protocol.