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Journal of Mathematical Physics

The semi-classical expansion for a charged particle on a curved space background

David Elworthy, Aubrey Truman, Keith Watling

Published May 1, 1985• 13 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We give the semi-classical expansion, with remainder to any order in ℏ, for the wave function of a nonrelativistic quantum particle in a classical external magnetic field on a curved space background. The basic assumption is of a ‘‘no caustics condition’’ on the underlying classical mechanics, at least up to the time in question. The gauge invariance of the result is emphasized together with a discussion of the geometric meaning of the classical mechanical quantities involved.

DOI
10.1063/1.526505

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We give the semi-classical expansion, with remainder to any order in ℏ, for the wave function of a nonrelativistic quantum particle in a classical external magnetic field on a curved space background. The basic assumption is of a ‘‘no caustics condition’’ on the underlying classical mechanics, at least up to the time in question. The gauge invariance of the result is emphasized together with a discussion of the geometric meaning of the classical mechanical quantities involved.
According to the Maupertuis principle, the movement of a classical particle in an external potential V(x)V(x)V(x) can be understood as the movement in a curved space with the metric gμν(x)=2M[V(x)−E]δμνg_{μν}(x)=2M[V(x)-E]δ_{μν}gμν​(x)=2M[V(x)−E]δμν​. We show that the principle can be extended to the quantum regime, i.e., we show that the wave function of the particle follows a Schrödinger equation in curved space where the kinetic operator is formed with the {\it Weyl--invariant Laplace-Beltrami} operator. As an application, we use DeWitt's recursive semiclassical expansion of the time-evolution operator in curved space to calculate the semiclassical expansion of the particle density ρ(x;E)=ρ(x;E)=ρ(x;E)=.
A theory physically equivalent to traditional nonrelativistic quantum mechanics is presented, in which both dynamical and probabilistic concepts enter in a classical way. Particle trajectories are deterministically governed by classical mechanics, only the initial position being at random. Quantum effects are supposed to arise from a modification of the geometry of space, due to the presence of matter. However, unlike gravitational forces, which are related to the metric of space-time, quantum-mechanical forces are proved to be related to the transplantation law of vectors. The resulting geometry of space, in the nonrelativistic limit, is found to be Weyl's geometry. Both particle motion and geometry of space are obtained from a unique averaged least-action principle.
In its geometric form, the Maupertuis Principle states that the movement of a classical particle in an external potential V(x) can be understood as a free movement in a curved space with the metric gμν(x) = 2M[V(x) - E]δμν. We extend this principle to the quantum regime by showing that the wavefunction of the particle is governed by a Schrödinger equation of a free particle moving through curved space. The kinetic operator is the Weyl-invariant Laplace–Beltrami operator. On the basis of this observation, we calculate the semiclassical expansion of the particle density.
On the Nonrelativistic Quantum-Mechanical Hamiltonian with 1/c21/c^21/c2 terms. Transverse current-current interaction
We extend the standard solid-state quantum mechanical Hamiltonian containing only Coulomb interactions between the charged particles by inclusion of 1/c21/c^21/c2 terms representing (transverse) current-current interaction. For its derivation we use the classical formulation of Landau-Lifshitz, however consequently in the Coulomb gauge. Our Hamiltonian does not coincide with the Darwin Hamiltonian and we emphasize the mathematical inconsistency in its derivation. We show, that the quantized version of our Hamiltonian is equivalent to the non-relativistic QED considering only states without photons and retaining only terms of order 1/c21/c^21/c2. The importance of this extended Hamiltonian lies in the possibility to distinguish external from internal magnetic fields. This aspect may be relevant for theories of the Meissner effect.
We describe here the coherent formulation of electromagnetism in the nonrelativistic quantummechanical many-body theory. We use the mathematical frame of the field theory and its quantization in the spirit of the QED. This is necessary because of the manifold of misinterpretations emerging from the hystorical development of quantum mechanics, starting from the Schrödinger equation of a single particle in the presence of given electromagnetic fields, followed by the many-body theories of many charged identical particles having just Coulomb interactions inspired from the classical electromagnetic theory of point-like charges. However, this later is known to be inconsistent due to the self-interaction. This way could not be continued further to include properly the magnetic forces between the charged particles and lead to a lot of confusion about the interpretation of the magnetic field in the Hamiltonian, as well as about the gauge invariance. We emphasize the importance of the distinction between the applied (external fields) and the field in the matter. All these problems are length properly solved within the non-relativistic QED, nevertheless the confusion dominates in all the problems related to the magnetic properties of the solid state.