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IEEE photonics journal

Random Bit Generator Using Delayed Self-Difference of Filtered Amplified Spontaneous Emission

Lei Li, Anbang Wang, Pu Li, Hang Xu, Longsheng Wang, Yuncai Wang

Published Feb 1, 2014• 23 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We propose a scheme for random bit generation with filtered amplified spontaneous emission (ASE). Using the filtered ASE, we can get larger signal fluctuations than when using directly detected ASE with a photodetector. Utilizing the delayed self-difference technique to improve the symmetry of filtered ASE, we experimentally achieve real-time 2.5-Gbit/s random sequence generation, which matches with the speeds of fiber communication for one-time pad encryption. Experimental results show that the generated random sequences can pass NIST tests as long as the delay time is beyond a threshold value, which is called the minimum delay time (MDT). Further simulation results indicate that there is a certain relationship between the MDT and bandwidth of the ASE signal.

DOI
10.1109/jphot.2014.2304555

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We propose a scheme for random bit generation with filtered amplified spontaneous emission (ASE). Using the filtered ASE, we can get larger signal fluctuations than when using directly detected ASE with a photodetector. Utilizing the delayed self-difference technique to improve the symmetry of filtered ASE, we experimentally achieve real-time 2.5-Gbit/s random sequence generation, which matches with the speeds of fiber communication for one-time pad encryption. Experimental results show that the generated random sequences can pass NIST tests as long as the delay time is beyond a threshold value, which is called the minimum delay time (MDT). Further simulation results indicate that there is a certain relationship between the MDT and bandwidth of the ASE signal.
We report the sampling rate dependency of a single-bit quantum random number generation scheme using a filtered and amplified source of amplified spontaneous emission (ASE). The quality of randomness is measured by the number of passed NIST statistical randomness tests. The number decreases for almost all cases when increasing the sampling rate. We apply a simple self-delay XOR post-processing technique, drastically improving the quality for low sampling rates. However, sampling rates higher than the analog bandwidth of the sampled intensity fluctuations are found to be ineligible for the generation scheme.
We report two Quantum Random Number Generator (QRNG) schemes based on Amplified Spontaneous Emission (ASE) to address the problems of previous ASE based QRNGs – (1) costlier and commercially difficult-to-get components, (2) higher electrical noise in the faster detectors. Our ASE-ASE-beating based QRNG, built using commercially available components, clocks in 7.437Gbps random number generation rate. Our second QRNG scheme based on the beating of LASER and ASE of similar power generates random bits at a speed of 7.80Gbps. The minimum entropy values for these schemes are 5.21 and 5.4990 respectively for an 8-bit ADC. The second scheme reports higher entropy because its random numbers has a higher variance than first one. We use the Toeplitz extractor on the raw bits to generate unbiased random numbers and verify them with the help of industry-standard statistical tests.
Quantum random number generators (QRNG) based on amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) are known to achieve multi-gigabit-per-second rates through high-speed sampling of intensity and phase fluctuations. Two popular implementations of these QRNGs are based on balanced detection of ASEASE and ASE-Laser beating. The high QRNG rates reported so far however come at the price of increased system complexity, making it a clear deterrent for widespread use. In this paper, we perform a direct one-to-one comparison study between ASEASE and ASE-Laser-based QRNGs using detailed theoretical modeling and supporting experiments, with the goal of achieving 1 Gbps QRNG using simple, low-bandwidth photodetectors and low sampling rate digitizers. We develop, for the first time to the best of out knowledge, closed-form analytical expressions to describe the signal variance as a function of realistic, nonideal fiber-optic optical components, the signal correlations as a function of digitizer sampling rate, and minimum entropy as a function of signal variance. We observe a trade-off between the correlations in the detected signals and the sampling rate used, thereby obtaining an optimum sampling rate and hence the digitizer specification for extracting the best randomness. We also observe the standard deviation in the signal distribution is higher for ASE-Laser QRNG in comparison to the ASE-ASE implementation. Using off-the-shelf telecom fiber components, balanced detectors with bandwidth as low as 100 MHz, and an 8-bit digitizer operating at a sampling rate of 100 Megasamplesper-second (MSPS), we achieve QRNG rates of 546.03 Mbps and 507.94 Mbps for the ASE-ASE and ASE-Laser beating implementations respectively. The ASE-ASE QRNG rates are subsequently doubled to more than 1 Gbps using polarization multiplexing and bit-interleaving.
The first semi-quantum noise randomized cipher based on amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) light source employing Y-00 protocol is proposed and demonstrated by a proof-of-principle experiment. As the signal carrier, ASE light can provide another fundamental uncertainty, namely, self-beating noise of ASE signal, which is much bigger than quantum shot noise of mesoscopic coherent state and also inevitable. By incorporating both the shot noise and beat noise of ASE signals, the security will be improved with a larger number of masked signals (NMS) under intrinsic noise. After formulating NMS and Q-factor in theory, we investigate the impacts of key system parameters on the security and transmission performances, respectively, in order to optimize the system design. To evidence the theoretical results, an experimental setup with balanced photodetector (BPD) as decoder is constructed. The local light modulated by M/2-ary running key is applied as optical threshold signal, which is fed into BPD together with the M-ary ASE signal, outputting the binary signal. Eventually, a 128-level Y-00 realization based on ASE source is realized at 2.5Gb/s over 100-km fiber. The experimental results agree with the theory in the trend, which indicate the validity and feasibility of the proposed scheme.
In this paper, a secure key generation and distribution scheme based on the phase noise of an amplified spontaneous emission source is proposed and experimentally verified. A giant key generator that contains two distribution arms is used to generate a specific beat dependent on the path length difference of the arms. Through the method of balanced subtraction of the local signals, the effect of the intensity noise has been mainly excluded, and the two legal users obtain the consistent differential signal that depended on the phase noise. Experiment results show that the correlation coefficient of the key signals reaches to about 0.89, and the bit generation rate of the scheme achieves to 3.06 Gbit/s under a length of 20 km standard single-mode optical fiber route, as the bit error rate stays under 0.02%. Moreover, the converted digital key stream has passed the NIST statistical test suite, which means that the scheme is inherently random in the statistical sense. With the excellent performance mentioned above, the proposed scheme provides a simple and efficient solution for the method of one-time pad.
The most common optical amplified spontaneous emission sources can become the ultimate tools for the generation of ultra-broadband truly random bit sequences (TRBS). By using a straightforward configuration we experimentally prove that the amplified spontaneous emission noise of an optical amplifier-either an Er+3-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) or an InGaAs semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA)-is an efficient source for TRBS generation. A bit rate up to 560 Gb/s has been recorded, seeded by the direct detection of the unfiltered spontaneous-spontaneous (sp-sp) optical intensity beat noise on a broadband photoreceiver. The generation rate is practically limited only by the detection bandwidth, the electronic digitization process and the post-processing circuitry. The proposed mechanism passes the existing benchmarks of randomness.