Exited atoms may relax to the ground state by radiative decay, a process which is usually very fast (of order nanoseconds). However, quantum-mechanical selection rules can prevent such rapid decay, in which case these "metastable" states can have lifetimes of order seconds or longer. In this Letter, we determine experimentally the lifetime of the longest-lived neutral atomic state-the first excited state of helium (the 2(3)S1 metastable state)-to the highest accuracy yet measured. We use laser cooling and magnetic trapping to isolate a cloud of metastable helium (He*) atoms from their surrounding environment, and measure the decay rate to the ground 1(1)S0 state via extreme ultraviolet (XUV) photon emission. This is the first measurement using a virtually unperturbed ensemble of isolated helium atoms, and yields a value of 7870(510) seconds, in excellent agreement with the predictions of quantum electrodynamic theory.
A time-of-flight technique has been used to measure the radiative lifetime of the
21S0 state of helium. After passing from a cooled source, helium atoms are excited by a pulsed anti-parallel electron beam. The atomic beam then contains not only ground-state helium atoms but also metastable atoms in both the
23S1 and the
21S0 states. The metastable atoms are detected at two positions, 1.9 and 6.7 m from the electron gun, by Auger ejection of an electron from a copper target, the first of which is a 60% transmitting mesh. Ground-state helium atoms cannot cause an electron to be ejected and hence are not detected. The time-of-flight distribution for the metastable
21S0 state is separated from that of the
23S1 state by illuminating the beam with an rf-discharge helium lamp. The
21S0 state is quenched by resonant absorption of a 20 581 - \AA{}A photon, raising the atom to the
21P1 state, which then decays preferentially to the
1S0 ground state; the
23S1 state remains unaffected because it is the ground state for the triplet system. The time-of-flight distribution for the
21S0 atoms is therefore obtained from the difference between the full beam and the quenched beam. A comparison of the number of
21S0 metastables within a given velocity interval at the two detectors determines the number which decay in flight and yields a value for the two-photon radiative lifetime. The value of the singlet lifetime for both
He3 and
He4 is 19.7 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 1.0 msec, agreeing with the theoretical value of 19.5 msec, but disagreeing with the value 38 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 8 msec measured by Pearl using a movable detector. The 1.0-msec error is an estimate of the remaining systematic errors in the experiment.
Trapped gases of ultracold metastable helium atoms are a unique experimental sys- tem. The trapped cloud’s low temperatures, the ability to selectively trap and ma- nipulate individual atomic states and the isolation provided in a vacuum chamber are all conducive to the measurement of precision atomic parameters, such as atomic transition rates. Due to it’s atomic structure helium - the simplest multi-electron atom - is a favourite test-bed for precision QED theoretical calculations compared to experimentally determined parameters. This thesis reports on a number of tran- sition rates measured for the first time with high accuracy, including the first excited metastable state lifetime, found to be 7870(510)s, the longest of any neutral atomic species yet measured. Transition rates from the 23P level to the ground state were also measured for the first time and found to be in excellent agreement with theory. Further cooling of helium produces a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC), where all atoms are in an identical quantum state, the analogue of an optical laser. One par- ticularly interesting property a BEC posesses is long-range coherence to all orders, meaning all component particles are described by a single wavefunction. While first order coherence is measured in an interference experiment like Young’s double slit, higher order coherence is the ability for correlations to exist between groups of two, three or more particles, quantified by the measurement of correlation functions. Prior to the work in this thesis correlation functions for atoms had only been measured for second order. Here we develop a new technique which we use to show that a BEC is coherent to second and third order to 0.1% accuracy, compared to a thermal cloud which we show is incoherent. At small inter-particle spacings, there is an enhanced probability of measuring double and triple events in the thermal cloud (termed bunching). A drawback of all previous atomic correlation measurements is that the small de-Broglie wavelengths compared to the detector resolution leads to a significant reduction in the measured bunching amplitudes compared to theory. By altering our trapping configuration and temperature we are able to measure a two-particle bunching amplitude which is 88% of the theoretical maximum. This system also allowed the measurement of correlations up to 5th order in thermal gases. The near ideal bunching allowed us to demonstrate perturbations to the correlation functions due to the 1D nature of the system. These advances should lead to correlation measurements being used as a probe to characterise more exotic system properties such as low dimensionality, engineered quantum states and paticle pairing. Finally, a waveguide was created using a dipole laser beam and used to guide atoms in analogy to an optical laser in a fibre. Guided ‘atom lasers’ are likely to be important components for practical devices such as precision sensors. We demonstrate that a guided atom laser has a gaussian profile matching the lowest transverse mode of the waveguide and is first and second order coherent. In contrast guided thermal atoms show matter-wave speckle and are incoherent.
The radiative lifetime of the
21P1 and
31P1 state of atomic helium has been measured by the level-crossing technique. In the experiment, a beam of
21S0 metastable atoms was first produced and then excited to the
21P1 or
31P1 state with resonance radiation. The lifetimes were measured by observing the zero-field level-crossing signals in the detected 584- or 537-\AA{} fluorescent radiation when these
1P1 states decayed to the
11S0 ground state. The results are $\ensuremath{\tau} (2^{1}P_{1})=(5.57\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.15)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}10}$ sec and $\ensuremath{\tau} (3^{1}P_{1})=(1.73\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.11)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}$ sec. These values are in excellent agreement with theory.
We present the first experimental determination of the
2 3P1−−1 1S0 transition rate in helium and compare this measurement with theoretical quantum-electrodynamic predictions. The experiment exploits the very long ($\ensuremath{\sim}1\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{\text{minute}}$) confinement times obtained for atoms magneto-optically trapped in an apparatus used to create a Bose-Einstein condensate of metastable (
2 3S1) helium. The
2 3P1−−1 1S0 transition rate is measured directly from the decay rate of the cold atomic cloud following 1083 nm laser excitation from the
2 3S1 to the
2 3P1 state, and from accurate knowledge of the
2 3P1 population. The value obtained is $177\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}8\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, which agrees very well with theoretical predictions, and has an accuracy that compares favorably with measurements for the same transition in heliumlike ions higher in the isoelectronic sequence.
Two fixed, spatially separated detectors are used to measure the decay in flight of a cooled, thermal beam of pulsed metastable helium atoms. The preliminary value obtained for the radiative lifetime of the metastable
21S0 state of helium is 20 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 2 msec.
A time-of-flight technique has been used to measure the quenching of the
21S0 metastable state of helium by a static electric field. Neutral ground-state helium atoms effusing from a cooled source slit are immediately excited to the
21S0 and
23S1 metastable states by a pulse of antiparallel magnetically focused electrons. The metastable beam is collimated before passing through a uniform electric field region 0.5 m long and is then preferentially detected at the end of the time-of-flight region, 1.825 m from the electron gun. The time-of-flight distribution for the
21S0 state is separated from that of the
23S1 state by illuminating the beam before the electric field region with an rf-discharge helium lamp. The
21S0 state is quenched by resonant absorption of a 20 581-\AA{} photon, raising the atom to the
21P1 state, which then decays to the
1S0 ground state; the
23S1 state remains unaffected because it is the ground state for the triplet system. The
21S0 time-of-flight distribution is therefore obtained from the difference between the full beam and the quenched beam. The number of
21S0 atoms arriving at the detector in specific velocity intervals with the electric field off is compared to the number with the field on to determine the quenching rate (
=kE2). The result for the quenching constant
k for both
He3 and
He4 with
E in kV/cm is $k=0.933\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.005$; this value is in good agreement with theory and with an earlier less accurate experiment. The error in the present experiment arises from a 0.5% uncertainty in the effective length of the electric field region.