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American Journal of Physics

Relationships of Wave Packet Variances

Dick H. Holze, William T. Scott

Published Nov 1, 1964• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Some results of interest in quantum measurement theory are derived from a consideration of a collision between two one-dimensional Gaussian wave packets. Relationships are found between the momentum and position uncertainties of the packets before and after the collision. It is shown that the coordinates of a poorly defined packet can be better defined by causing it to collide with a well-defined packet. A classical analog is presented in which the same results are obtained.

DOI
10.1119/1.1969918

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Some results of interest in quantum measurement theory are derived from a consideration of a collision between two one-dimensional Gaussian wave packets. Relationships are found between the momentum and position uncertainties of the packets before and after the collision. It is shown that the coordinates of a poorly defined packet can be better defined by causing it to collide with a well-defined packet. A classical analog is presented in which the same results are obtained.
The article intertwines the study of wave packet dynamics with information-theoretic measurements in one dimensional (D =1) system. A localized wave packet at time t=0 has been considered here and its change at later instant of time t is calculated for the position space wave function. The momentum space wave function is obtained by taking the Fourier transform of the position space wave function at time t= 0 . These wave functions are then employed to construct the wave packet's respective probability densities in position and momentum space, and later have been used to compute the corresponding position and momentum space Shannon (S) and Fisher information (I) entropies. It has been observed that although the Shannon and Fisher information entropies explicitly depend on the standard deviation, neither the Shannon entropy sum nor the product of Fisher information entropies is. Moreover, for D dimensional systems, the computed values of the Shannon and Fisher entropies are found to satisfy the lower bounds of the Bialynicki-Birula and Myceilski (BBM) inequality relation and the Stam-Cramer-Rao inequalities better known as the Fisher based uncertainty relation. Thus, our theoretical study explores the validation of information-theoretic measurements for wave packet dynamics using the basic formulations of information theory.
The state of a quantum-mechanical system after a simultaneous measurement of conjugate variables such as coordinate and momentum is derived. In the case of the minimum-uncertainty, or ideal, simultaneous measurement, the state of the system after the measurement is a coherent state corresponding to that representing a minimum-uncertainty wave packet. An operator formalism to describe simultaneous measurements of noncommuting observables is introduced which parallels that familiar for a single measurement, and an expression for the joint probability distribution predicting the results of an ideal simultaneous measurement is derived and applied to the example of a harmonic oscillator. It is found that the minimum uncertainty in a simultaneous measurement of noncommuting variables has two causes: (1) the unavoidable perturbations introduced by the measuring process, and (2) the unavoidable lack of precision in the state of the system itself. For position and momentum measurements, these two independent uncertainties contribute to give a net minimum uncertainty of $\ensuremath{\Delta}{q}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{\Delta}{p}^{\ensuremath{'}}=\ensuremath{\hbar}$. It is also shown that the formalism of simultaneous measurement leads to a well-defined quantum-mechanical phase space.