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Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE

Analytical approach to describe radiation pressure effects in atomic waveguide propagation through hollow optical fibers

Ángela M. Guzmán, Catalina A. Ramirez

Published Nov 18, 2003• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A full quantum mechanical treatment of the atomic interaction with the electromagnetic vacuum and the reflecting evanescent-wave inside a hollow fiber is applied to obtain analytical expressions for both the radiation pressure exerted on the atoms under reflection and the van der Waals energy interaction. We show that both effects are originated in the interaction with the evanescent-wave, have its intensity radial dependence and depend on the evanescent-wave detuning in a way other than suggested by heuristic arguments. Through an analytical approach we discuss the general characteristics of the solutions of the Schrodinger wave equation and give expressions for the threshold values of laser detuning and intensity required for modal propagation.

DOI
10.1117/12.524145

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A full quantum mechanical treatment of the atomic interaction with the electromagnetic vacuum and the reflecting evanescent-wave inside a hollow fiber is applied to obtain analytical expressions for both the radiation pressure exerted on the atoms under reflection and the van der Waals energy interaction. We show that both effects are originated in the interaction with the evanescent-wave, have its intensity radial dependence and depend on the evanescent-wave detuning in a way other than suggested by heuristic arguments. Through an analytical approach we discuss the general characteristics of the solutions of the Schrodinger wave equation and give expressions for the threshold values of laser detuning and intensity required for modal propagation.
We use evanescent laser light to guide atoms through hollow-core optical fibers. The light, detuned to the blue side of rubidium's D2{D}_{2}D2​ resonance lines, is launched into the glass region of a hollow capillary fiber and guided through the fiber by total internal reflection from the glass walls. Atoms interacting with the evanescent component of the field are repelled from the wall and guided through the fiber hollow. A second laser tuned to the red side of resonance is used to initially inject the atoms into the evanescent guide. An optical intensity threshold for guiding is observed as the evanescent-field-induced dipole forces exceed the van der Waals forces.
We present a general theory of atom guiding in a blue-detuned hollow laser beam. Using the dressed-atom approach, we obtain the mean dipole gradient force, the radiation pressure force, and the momentum diffusion coefficients for three-level Λ-type cold atoms. Using Monte Carlo simulation, we calculate the guiding efficiencies and the final velocity distributions of atoms for various conditions. We find that the guiding efficiency depends not only on the intensity and detuning of the guiding hollow beam but also on the atom-guiding direction with respect to the propagation direction of the hollow laser beam. Comparing our analyses with recent experimental results, we find that they are mutually consistent. The results that we present can also be applied to atom guiding by hollow optical fibers.
Firstly the interaction of a three-level /spl Lambda/-type atom with a blue-detuning dark hollow beam is described in the dressed-atom picture. The dipole potential and radiation pressure forces are derived, and the spontaneous emission processes between both adjacent manifolds are analyzed in detail. Then through Monte Carlo simulation, the relations between the guiding efficiency and the detuning in varieties of conditions are acquired. We found that the guiding efficiency also depends on guiding direction relative to the propagation direction of the hollow beam except for the intensity and configuration of the hollow beam and pressure of the chamber, when both directions are opposite, the optimal detuning is in high detuning region, the value is similar to the experimental value. Furthermore, we calculated the final velocity distribution of atoms guided by the hollow beam, we found that in same direction case, even though in low detuning region the guiding efficiency is high, but the radial and longitudinal coherence are seriously destroyed, the most atoms are much heated. It is not useful in application to atom optics experiments. The main factors are the radiation pressure forces and photon scattering effects. Finally we found that the atoms can only be guided in the high detuning region, and their coherence will be held whether same or opposite direction.
We study the cavity QED effects (modified decay rates and energy level shift) of an atom inside a cylindrical hollow fiber and outside a solid fiber using linear-response formalism. Next, we suggest the Sisyphus cooling process occurring inside the hollow fiber with blue-detuned evanescent wave and as a preliminary example, we show a Monte-Carlo simulation of the atoms in the conical hollow system. We also propose that the similar cooling process is expected in the dark hollow beam (doughnut beam) obtained from the hollow fiber of step index, which is more desirable than the case when atoms are inside the fiber since there is no attracting Van der Waals force.
We report a direct observation of radiation pressure, exerted on cold rubidium atoms while bouncing on an evanescent-wave atom mirror. We analyze the radiation pressure by imaging the motion of the atoms after the bounce. The number of absorbed photons is measured for laser detunings ranging from 190 MHz to 1.4 GHz and for angles from 0.9 mrad to 24 mrad above the critical angle of total internal reflection. Depending on these settings, we find velocity changes parallel with the mirror surface, ranging from 1 to 18 cm/s. This corresponds to 2 to 31 photon recoils per atom. These results are independent of the evanescent-wave optical power.
We analyze the optical potential for atom guidance in a dark hollow laser beam and compare it with that generated by the evanescent wave in a micrometer-sized hollow optical fiber. We calculate dependence of the optical potential on various parameters: radial position r, laser–atom detuning Δ, beam power P0, and propagation distance Z. We experimentally generated a dark hollow laser beam from a hollow optical fiber with a 7-μm hole diameter and obtained a coupling efficiency of ∼50% for the LP01 mode. Our study shows that a dark hollow laser beam can produce an optical potential deep enough to guide cold atoms from a magneto-optical trap.