Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

Optics Letters

Bistable ring resonator utilizing saturable photorefractive gain and loss

Diana M. Lininger, Peter J. Martin, Dana Z. Anderson

Published Jul 1, 1989• 32 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We demonstrate the bistable behavior of a unidirectional ring resonator that employs photorefractive loss as well as photorefractive gain. The gain and loss are established by two-beam coupling in two separate photorefractive BaTiO(3) crystals. Two-beam coupling loss plays the role of a programmable saturable absorber. Irreversible bistability occurs when the maximum net gain exceeds unity, while reversable bistability is obtained when the maximum net gain is less than one.

DOI
10.1364/ol.14.000697

Related papers

Bistable resonator utilizing saturable photorefractive gain and loss

Diana M. Lininger, Peter J. Martin, Dana Z. Anderson

We report the observation of bistability in a unidirectional ring resonator that employs photorefractive barium titanate for gain and also for saturated loss. One photorefractive crystal provides gain via two-beam coupling in a conventional unidirectional ring configuration.1 A second crystal is arranged to couple light out of the resonator using two-beam coupling, thereby producing loss. The orientations of the two crystals are chosen so that the magnitude of the small signal loss is greater than the magnitude of the small signal gain. Thus the oscillation in the ring cannot build up from noise since there is no net gain. However, the pump intensity for the gain medium is made larger than that for the loss medium. This means that the loss saturates at a lower signal level. Hence, at large intensities, gain can exceed net loss so oscillation can occur.

Annual Meeting Optical Society of America•Jan 1, 1988•0 citations

Photorefractive flip-flop

Dana Z. Anderson, Claus Benkert, Beth Chorbajian +1 more

We demonstrate an optical flip-flop that consists of two unidirectional ring resonators that are coupled competitively through two-beam interactions in a photorefractive BaTiO(3) crystal. This crystal provides an active loss for each ring that depends on the oscillation intensity of the other. The coupled rings exhibit flip-flop bistability when the net gain, given by the product of the passive cavity losses and the gain, is greater than unity but is less than the small-signal active loss. The state of the system can be switched with an injected signal.

Optics Letters•Feb 15, 1991•20 citations

Dynamic bistability of an optical ring circuit having photorefractive gain, loss, and a photorefractive feedback coupling element: theory

David D. Crouch, Anno Hermanns, Dana Z. Anderson

We discuss the properties of an optical circuit with gain and loss provided by two-beam coupling in a photorefractive medium and with a photorefractive element as a programmable mirror to provide feedback. As with an ordinary ring resonator having photorefractive gain and loss the circuit can exhibit reversible or irreversible bistability and self-pulsing. In the limit that the feedback element has a response that is slow compared to the gain and loss, its behavior is much like the conventional case. However, whereas a conventional ring resonator has a well-defined detuning characteristic dependent on the round trip length, in the present circuit a fast photorefractive element continually compensates for changes in the round trip path length. The bistability and self-pulsing characteristics are strongly affected by the relative time constants of the three photorefractive media and by the relative magnitudes of the small signal gain and loss. In particular, the on state of the ring has a memory time determined by the time constant of the feedback element.

Annual Meeting Optical Society of America•Jan 1, 1989•0 citations

Self pulsing in a ring resonator with saturable photorefractive gain and loss

Diana M. Lininger, David D. Crouch, Peter J. Martin +1 more

A ring resonator with photorefractive gain and loss is an active nonlinear system that exhibits self pulsing of the resonator intensity1. The novel feature of this resonator over single crystal resonators2,3 is the addition of a second crystal in our case to couple light out of the resonator providing a saturable loss4. The nonlinearity of a single crystal resonator is manifested in the saturation of the small signal gain. The nonlinearity of the two crystal system is enriched by the interplay between the two crystal time constants and the small signal gain and loss, as well as the addition of the second saturation point The dynamic behavior of the system can be described as a competitive interaction between gain and loss; if the gain wins, the resonator turns on, and if the loss wins the resonator remains off. Self pulsing occurs when the winner is alternately the gain and then the loss, and then the gain again, and so forth. The relative time constants, coupling strengths, and saturation points of the two crystals dictate the details of the competitive interaction. In this communication we include the loss crystal in a theory for photorefractive resonators to address the experimental observations of self pulsing.

Photorefractive Effects, Materials, and Devices•Jan 1, 1990•0 citations

Photorefractive Saturable Absorptive and Dispersive Optical Bistability

Shimon Weiss, B. Fischer

It is shown that photorefractive wave-mixing gives saturable gain, saturable absorption and Kerr-like nonlinear phase retardation. An analogy between photorefractive two-beam coupling and two-level atom system is then drawn. We investigate optical bistability in a ring cavity, utilizing these phenomena, and compare our results with classical absorptive and dispersive optical bistability.

IEEE Convention of Electrical and Electronics Engineers in Israel•Aug 24, 2005•0 citations

A unidirectional photorefractive ring resonator oscillating at 633 nm

Hong Lin, David W. Weir, Adnan Yousuf +1 more

We have constructed an optical resonator using a photorefractive crystal as the gain medium. The orientation of the crystal and the angle between the signal and the pump beam are chosen to obtain optimal two-wave coupling. The average output power of the resonator is proportional to the power of the pump beam for a small cavity loss, but this linear relation is broken when the cavity loss is increased. The transverse beam pattern of the signal can be controlled by intracavity apertures.

American Journal of Physics•Jul 1, 1998•4 citations
We demonstrate the bistable behavior of a unidirectional ring resonator that employs photorefractive loss as well as photorefractive gain. The gain and loss are established by two-beam coupling in two separate photorefractive BaTiO(3) crystals. Two-beam coupling loss plays the role of a programmable saturable absorber. Irreversible bistability occurs when the maximum net gain exceeds unity, while reversable bistability is obtained when the maximum net gain is less than one.
We report the observation of bistability in a unidirectional ring resonator that employs photorefractive barium titanate for gain and also for saturated loss. One photorefractive crystal provides gain via two-beam coupling in a conventional unidirectional ring configuration.1 A second crystal is arranged to couple light out of the resonator using two-beam coupling, thereby producing loss. The orientations of the two crystals are chosen so that the magnitude of the small signal loss is greater than the magnitude of the small signal gain. Thus the oscillation in the ring cannot build up from noise since there is no net gain. However, the pump intensity for the gain medium is made larger than that for the loss medium. This means that the loss saturates at a lower signal level. Hence, at large intensities, gain can exceed net loss so oscillation can occur.
We demonstrate an optical flip-flop that consists of two unidirectional ring resonators that are coupled competitively through two-beam interactions in a photorefractive BaTiO(3) crystal. This crystal provides an active loss for each ring that depends on the oscillation intensity of the other. The coupled rings exhibit flip-flop bistability when the net gain, given by the product of the passive cavity losses and the gain, is greater than unity but is less than the small-signal active loss. The state of the system can be switched with an injected signal.
We discuss the properties of an optical circuit with gain and loss provided by two-beam coupling in a photorefractive medium and with a photorefractive element as a programmable mirror to provide feedback. As with an ordinary ring resonator having photorefractive gain and loss the circuit can exhibit reversible or irreversible bistability and self-pulsing. In the limit that the feedback element has a response that is slow compared to the gain and loss, its behavior is much like the conventional case. However, whereas a conventional ring resonator has a well-defined detuning characteristic dependent on the round trip length, in the present circuit a fast photorefractive element continually compensates for changes in the round trip path length. The bistability and self-pulsing characteristics are strongly affected by the relative time constants of the three photorefractive media and by the relative magnitudes of the small signal gain and loss. In particular, the on state of the ring has a memory time determined by the time constant of the feedback element.
A ring resonator with photorefractive gain and loss is an active nonlinear system that exhibits self pulsing of the resonator intensity1. The novel feature of this resonator over single crystal resonators2,3 is the addition of a second crystal in our case to couple light out of the resonator providing a saturable loss4. The nonlinearity of a single crystal resonator is manifested in the saturation of the small signal gain. The nonlinearity of the two crystal system is enriched by the interplay between the two crystal time constants and the small signal gain and loss, as well as the addition of the second saturation point The dynamic behavior of the system can be described as a competitive interaction between gain and loss; if the gain wins, the resonator turns on, and if the loss wins the resonator remains off. Self pulsing occurs when the winner is alternately the gain and then the loss, and then the gain again, and so forth. The relative time constants, coupling strengths, and saturation points of the two crystals dictate the details of the competitive interaction. In this communication we include the loss crystal in a theory for photorefractive resonators to address the experimental observations of self pulsing.