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American Journal of Physics

A unidirectional photorefractive ring resonator oscillating at 633 nm

Hong Lin, David W. Weir, Adnan Yousuf, Sharon Bergman

Published Jul 1, 1998• 4 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We have constructed an optical resonator using a photorefractive crystal as the gain medium. The orientation of the crystal and the angle between the signal and the pump beam are chosen to obtain optimal two-wave coupling. The average output power of the resonator is proportional to the power of the pump beam for a small cavity loss, but this linear relation is broken when the cavity loss is increased. The transverse beam pattern of the signal can be controlled by intracavity apertures.

DOI
10.1119/1.18912

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We have constructed an optical resonator using a photorefractive crystal as the gain medium. The orientation of the crystal and the angle between the signal and the pump beam are chosen to obtain optimal two-wave coupling. The average output power of the resonator is proportional to the power of the pump beam for a small cavity loss, but this linear relation is broken when the cavity loss is increased. The transverse beam pattern of the signal can be controlled by intracavity apertures.
We report the observation of bistability in a unidirectional ring resonator that employs photorefractive barium titanate for gain and also for saturated loss. One photorefractive crystal provides gain via two-beam coupling in a conventional unidirectional ring configuration.1 A second crystal is arranged to couple light out of the resonator using two-beam coupling, thereby producing loss. The orientations of the two crystals are chosen so that the magnitude of the small signal loss is greater than the magnitude of the small signal gain. Thus the oscillation in the ring cannot build up from noise since there is no net gain. However, the pump intensity for the gain medium is made larger than that for the loss medium. This means that the loss saturates at a lower signal level. Hence, at large intensities, gain can exceed net loss so oscillation can occur.
We demonstrate an optical flip-flop that consists of two unidirectional ring resonators that are coupled competitively through two-beam interactions in a photorefractive BaTiO(3) crystal. This crystal provides an active loss for each ring that depends on the oscillation intensity of the other. The coupled rings exhibit flip-flop bistability when the net gain, given by the product of the passive cavity losses and the gain, is greater than unity but is less than the small-signal active loss. The state of the system can be switched with an injected signal.
A theory of the two-wave mixing in a photorefractive medium placed in a ring cavity is developped following the model first derived by Yariv and Kwong [1]: a steady refractive index involving the photorefractive effect is used as a non-linear source-term (PNL) in the Maxwell equations, and the cavity field is expanded on the transverse cavity modes. In this model we take into account the intensity change of both the pump and resonator beams inside the crystal due to the mutual power exchange: we have developed a multimode model which gives in the long-time limit the z-dependance of the fields (z is the optical axis) for a passage in the crystal, using the expansion in terms of the complete set of the cavity transverse modes. [2]