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Japanese Journal of Applied Physics

Gray-Scale Atom Holography

T. Kishimoto, Jun‐ichi Fujita, S. Mitake, Fujio Shimizu Fujio Shimizu

Published Jun 1, 1999• 8 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A gray-scale photographic image of atoms has been generated by using a computer-designed thin-film hologram. An ultra-cold neon atomic beam in the 1s 3 state was transmitted through a thin-film binary hologram made of SiN4 and generated a pattern of atoms on a micro-channel plate detector. The design and the quality evaluation of the hologram for gray-scale pictures are discussed theoretically. The validity of the theoretical analysis has been tested by a hologram that generated a simple test pattern.

DOI
10.1143/jjap.38.l683

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A gray-scale photographic image of atoms has been generated by using a computer-designed thin-film hologram. An ultra-cold neon atomic beam in the 1s 3 state was transmitted through a thin-film binary hologram made of SiN4 and generated a pattern of atoms on a micro-channel plate detector. The design and the quality evaluation of the hologram for gray-scale pictures are discussed theoretically. The validity of the theoretical analysis has been tested by a hologram that generated a simple test pattern.
We have demonstrated the generation of a black-and-white atomic pattern by using a thin-film computer generated hologram. To extend this technique for the generation of a more complicated gray-scale pattern of atoms, however, considerable improvement is necessary in two points. For a black-and-white holography a single atom is sufficient to express a point on the imaging surface. Therefore, the number of atoms that is required to draw a pattern with the N /spl times/ N resolution is approximately N/sup 2//2 atoms.
Summary form only given. We have demonstrated the manipulation of a cold neon atomic beam in a metastable state by using a silicon nitride thin film with holes that expressed the pattern of a binary hologram. The atoms that passed through the computer generated binary hologram reconstructed an arbitrary pattern of atoms on the surface of a microchannel plate detector. In this paper we describe the technique that enables us to control the reconstructed pattern in real time. We deposited regularly spaced stripes of platinum electrodes on the thin film hologram. Holes were open in the gap between the stripes, and we modulated the electric potential of the electrodes. This modulated the phase of the atom that passed through the hole in proportion to the square of the potential difference of the adjacent electrodes. Two types of phase controlled holography were demonstrated.
Electric-field-controlled atomic holography has been demonstrated. A binary hologram pattern was encoded in the gaps of regularly spaced parallel stripes of platinum electrodes formed on SiN4 thin film. Each electrode was either grounded or connected to a terminal. The electrode connections were arranged so that an electric field appeared in approximately half the 512 gaps when a finite voltage was applied to the terminal. By controlling this voltage, we could shift, erase, or switch holographically reconstructed two-dimensional images of atoms on a screen.
Atomic beam holography is a unique technique by which to fabricate a nanoscale object by using the interference of matter waves of ultracold atoms. The atomic de Broglie wave coming through a hologram interferes with and reconstructs a desired structure on a substrate. We first demonstrated holographic manipulation of metastable Ne atoms of 7 nm wavelength, where we showed the reconstruction of an “F” pattern and improvement of it. In this article, we propose and show techniques to manipulate three-dimensionally cooled Ne atoms. Atomic beam holography has the potential to make atomic-size objects, and the freedom in designing the hologram enables us to make not only a binary pattern but also an analog (gray scale) pattern. The resolution demonstrated in this experiment was about 60μ, but the minimum feature size expected is theoretically the same as the wavelength, i.e., several nanometers.
A cold metastable neon atomic beam was manipulated with a reflective amplitude hologram that was encoded on a silicon surface. A black-and-white pattern of atoms was reconstructed on a microchannel plate detector. The hologram used the enhanced quantum reflection developed by authors and was made of a two-dimensional array of rectangular low and high reflective cells. The surface of the high reflective cell was composed of regularly spaced roof-shaped ridges, while the low reflective cell was simply a flat surface. The hologram was the first demonstration of reflective atom-optical elements that used universal interaction between a neutral atom and solid surface.