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Chinese Physics Letters

Observation of Optical Bistability in Two-Dimensional Volume Refractive Index Grating Thermally Fixed in LiNbO 3 :Fe Crystal

Zhenlin Wang, Jun Wu, Zhen-ju Yang, Yong‐yuan Zhu, Nai-Ben Min

Published Jun 1, 1996• 5 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Experimental observation of optical bistability in a nonlinear two-dimensional volume refractive index grating is reported. The index grating in LiNbO 3 : 0.1 wt.% Fe photorefractive single crystal was fabricated by using hologram recording and subsequent thermal fixing techniques. Due to the thermal fixing, the stored 2D volume index grating shows no optical erasure during readout. An explanation of the nonlinear phenomena is also given in terms of the intensity-enhanced bulk photovoltaic effects in LiNbO 3 :Fe material.

DOI
10.1088/0256-307x/13/6/011

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Experimental observation of optical bistability in a nonlinear two-dimensional volume refractive index grating is reported. The index grating in LiNbO 3 : 0.1 wt.% Fe photorefractive single crystal was fabricated by using hologram recording and subsequent thermal fixing techniques. Due to the thermal fixing, the stored 2D volume index grating shows no optical erasure during readout. An explanation of the nonlinear phenomena is also given in terms of the intensity-enhanced bulk photovoltaic effects in LiNbO 3 :Fe material.
Optical bistability in a two-dimensional nonlinear superlattice, resulting from the index-modulation mechanism, was observed in experiment for the first time. The two-dimensional nonlinear superlattice was constructed by recording a two-dimensional refractive index grating into a photorefractive material, a Fe-doped LiNbO3{\mathrm{LiNbO}}_{3}LiNbO3​ single crystal. Optical instability was also observed in this experiment.
It is known that two-wave coupling in photorefractive crystal may result in an intensity-dependent phase shift as well as energy transfer between the two waves without phase crosstalk. In a sense, this kind of phase shift is similar to the intensity-dependent refractive-index effects in Kerr media. Consequently, optical bistability can be established in an optical cavity with a photorefractive crystal. We formulate the model and get the expected bistable transmission with numerical simulations. Several cases, including that of the codirectional coupling and the contradirectional coupling, are considered. The effects of the photorefractive crystal’s distribution absorption and the spatial phase shift between the index grating and the light interference pattern in the crystal on the nonlinear transmission characteristics have also been studied. It is interesting to note that the output of the pumping wave is dependent on the cavity intensity and thus shows bistable behavior with respect to the cavity input as well.
We study the nonlinear optical bistability and multistability of a nonlinear ferroelectric (FE) Fabry-Perot (FP) interferometer assumed coated with partial dielectric mirrors on its interfaces. The FE material is considered to have an intensity-dependent refractive index where the third order nonlinear susceptibility χ ilmn (3) acts like Kerr coefficient. The nonlinear response of the FE medium is modeled by the Landau-Khalatnikov (LK) dynamical equation. Within a single frequency approximation, the nonlinear wave equation is written in terms of polarization P rather than the electric field E as the dependent variable. The resulting nonlinear polarization equation is numerically integrated across the FP film using the fourth order Runge-Kutta method. The behavior of the resulting polarization and transmission as a function of the field input intensity is investigated.
The influence of the different parameters on the optical bistable behavior of a distributed feedback structure with an intensity-dependent refractive index is studied. Previous work is generalized toward two-dimensional waveguides, showing absorption. A general method is proposed to calculate the coupling coefficients up to a desired accuracy. This method is used to compare the feedback efficiency of sine, rectangular, and trapezoidal grating profiles. The numerical integration routine that was developed allows for the study of combinations of different nonlinear distributed feedback (NLDFB) structures. This is used to do a first investigation on the behavior of NLDFB devices with an aperiodic or nonperfect grating profile.>