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Journal of Physics C Solid State Physics

Critical behaviour of the Ising model above and below the critical temperature

J W Essam, D L Hunter

Published Apr 1, 1968• 80 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Previous series expansion studies of the magnetization and susceptibility of the Ising model are extended to the higher derivatives of the free energy with respect to the magnetic field. It is found that just above the critical temperature the 2 n th derivative is given by where in two dimensions γ = 1¾, Δ = 1fraction seven-eighths and in three dimensions γ = 1¼, Δ = 1fraction nine-sixteens. In two dimensions γ is exact and Δ is correct to 0.6%; the three-dimensional indices are correct to 0.2%. Just below the critical temperature where in three dimensions 0.303 <or= β <or= 0.318 and 1·55 <or= Δprime <or= 1.65. If the even derivatives are to have the same index above and below T c , then β = fraction five-sixteens and Δprime = 1fraction nine-sixteens. The latter index lies very close to the lower limit so that, although we cannot rule out Δprime = Δ, Δprime = 1fraction five-eighths is not unlikely. In two dimensions our results are consistent with linearity of the index and, if this is assumed, then β = fraction one-eighths and Δprime = 1fraction seven-eighths exactly and there is symmetry about T c . The amplitudes C 2 n + and C n - are estimated for n = 1 to 6.

DOI
10.1088/0022-3719/1/2/314

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Journal of Physics A Mathematical Nuclear and General•Oct 1, 1973•49 citations
Previous series expansion studies of the magnetization and susceptibility of the Ising model are extended to the higher derivatives of the free energy with respect to the magnetic field. It is found that just above the critical temperature the 2 n th derivative is given by where in two dimensions γ = 1¾, Δ = 1fraction seven-eighths and in three dimensions γ = 1¼, Δ = 1fraction nine-sixteens. In two dimensions γ is exact and Δ is correct to 0.6%; the three-dimensional indices are correct to 0.2%. Just below the critical temperature where in three dimensions 0.303 <or= β <or= 0.318 and 1·55 <or= Δprime <or= 1.65. If the even derivatives are to have the same index above and below T c , then β = fraction five-sixteens and Δprime = 1fraction nine-sixteens. The latter index lies very close to the lower limit so that, although we cannot rule out Δprime = Δ, Δprime = 1fraction five-eighths is not unlikely. In two dimensions our results are consistent with linearity of the index and, if this is assumed, then β = fraction one-eighths and Δprime = 1fraction seven-eighths exactly and there is symmetry about T c . The amplitudes C 2 n + and C n - are estimated for n = 1 to 6.
Series expansions are presented for the magnetisation, susceptibility, magnetic field derivatives of the susceptibility and 'specific heat' of the zero-temperature transverse Ising model. Coefficients in these series have been calculated to tenth order in lambda 2 (where lambda is the transverse field) for the linear chain, to eighth order for the square lattice and to seventh order for the triangular lattice. These series yield estimates of the low-temperature critical exponents alpha ', beta ', gamma ' and Delta ' of the two- and three-dimensional Ising models. They provide good evidence for the symmetry of exponents above and below the critical point, e.g. gamma '= gamma .
We have developed 15th-order high-temperature series expansions for the study of the critical behavior of the Ising spin glass with nearest-neighbor exchange interactions each of which assumes the values \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}J randomly. Series for the Edwards-Anderson spin-glass susceptibility (${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\chi}}}^{\mathrm{EA}}$) and two of its derivatives with respect to the ordering field have been evaluated for hypercubic lattices in general dimension, d. These extend previous general-dimension series by five terms. Certain measurable universal amplitude ratios have been estimated from the new series. Accurate critical data for d=5 and the first reliable estimates of the exponent \ensuremath{\beta} for d=4 and 5, are given. We quote \ensuremath{\gamma}=1.73\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03, 2.00\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.25, and 2.${7}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}0.6}^{+1.0}$ and \ensuremath{\beta}=0.95\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04, 0.9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1, and 0.7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2 in 5, 4, and 3 dimensions, respectively. Our results provide a smooth extrapolation between the mean-field results above six dimensions and experiments and simulations in physical dimensions. We relate our calculated derivatives of ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\chi}}}^{\mathrm{EA}}$ to measurements of derivatives of the magnetization with respect to a uniform magnetic field.
The method of developing exact power-series expansions for the partition function ZN and related thermodynamic functions for the Ising model valid below the critical point is generalized to include exchange interactions between first-, second-, and third-neighbor pairs. Expansions of the spontaneous magnetization M0(T) and zero field susceptibility χ0(T) are derived through to sixth order of perturbation for the s.q. lattice, and through to fifth order of perturbation for the Δ′r, b.c.c., s.c., and f.c.c. lattices, when interactions J1SizSjz and J2SkzSlz are present between first- and second-neighbor spins, respectively (second-neighbor model). These expansions have also been obtained for the case where interactions of equal magnitude (J1 = J2 = J3) are present between first-, second-, and third-neighbor pairs (third-equivalent-neighbor model); here expansions through to fifth order of perturbation are obtained for the s.q., Δ′r, b.c.c., and s.c. lattices and through to fourth order for the f.c.c. lattice. The Padé approximant·procedure is employed to discuss the effects of an extended but finite range of interaction on the behavior of M0(T) and χ0(T) for T→Tc− as characterized by the critical exponents β and γ′, respectively. For the second-equivalent-neighbor model lattices, it is found that 0.122 ≤ β ≤ 0.134 in two dimensions, and that 0.308 ≤ β ≤ 0.328 in three dimensions; from which it is concluded that β remains unchanged from its value in the nearest-neighbor model. The corresponding limits for γ′ in three dimensions are 1.18 ≤ γ′ ≤ 1.28; from this and the results for the b.c.c. lattice in particular, it is concluded that γ′ is probably 54 and hence the transition in χ0 is symmetrical about Tc (γ′ = γ). A repetition of this analysis for the third-equivalent-neighbor model three-dimensional lattices shows a marked shift in the estimated range of β and γ′; the results are 0.345 ≤ β ≤ 0.365, and 1.01 ≤ γ′ ≤ 1.14. In each of the above cases, the corresponding high-temperature (T > Tc) expansions of χ0(T) obtained previously have been analyzed to yield estimates of the critical exponent γ. The over-all results and in particular the estimates of γ for the s.q. and b.c.c. lattices suggest that this index is unaffected by extending the range of interaction, and that if γ is a rational fraction then it is the same fraction for the n.n. model and second- and third-equivalent neighbor models. Finally the high-temperature expansions of ZN in zero field, and of χ0(T) for the second-neighbor model are used to examine the dependence of the critical temperature Tc, the critical energy (E∞ − Ec)/kTc, and the critical entropy (S∞ − Sc)/k on the relative strengths of J1 and J2 for values of J2/J1 in the range 0 to 1. It is found that the variation of the critical point is well represented by Tc(α)=Tc(0)[1+m1α],where α = J2/J1 and lies in the range 0 ≤ α ≤ 1; and Tc(0) is the critical temperature of the nearest-neighbor model. The values of m1 are 0.61, 2.47, 0.84, 1.45, and 1.35 for the f.c.c., s.c., b.c.c., s.q., and Δ′r lattices, respectively. All these calculations are compared with the corresponding results for the Heisenberg model.
For pt. III, see abstr. A21890 of 1970. A new low-temperature expansion variable for the Ising model is given. Expansions in the new variable, x=1-tanh(J/kT), then converge right up to the critical point. Power series in the new variable are derived, and then analysed by the Pade method and the method of N-point fits. For the spontaneous magnetization of the Ising model in three dimensions. beta =0.312+or-0.002 for the simple cubic lattice, beta =0.3125+or-0.0015 for the body-centred cubic lattice, and beta =0.312+or-0.004 for the face-centred cubic lattice. For the low-temperature susceptibility gamma =1.30+or-0.02, gamma =1.28+or-0.04, and gamma '=1.29+or-0.04 for the simple cubic, body-centred cubic and face-centred cubic lattices respectively. For the low-temperature specific heat the authors estimate 1 / 16 <or= alpha =0.2 for all three lattices.
New series expansion data for the three-dimensional Ising model are analysed. A special study of the diamond and face-centred cubic lattices is made. Below the critical temperature convergence is found to be slow. It is concluded that all available data are consistent with beta = lambda 5/16 (magnetization) and not inconsistent with the 'scaling' value gamma '=5/4 (susceptibility) and that with the data and methods available at present it is not possible to draw more precise conclusions.