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Physics-Uspekhi

Generation of squeezed (sub-Poissonian) light by a multimode laser

A. V. Kozlovskiĭ

Published Dec 31, 2007• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Theoretical and experimental results of investigations into the quantum noise of multimode laser radiation are considered. The feasibility of generating light with a photon-number-squeezed (sub-Poissonian) photon distribution by a multimode laser with a homogeneously broadened line is analyzed. The conditions of noisy and noiseless (regular) pumping are considered. Photon-number fluctuations of the net laser radiation summed over all generated modes are calculated in the approximation of equidistant equal modes, as are photon-number fluctuations in an individual mode inside and outside the resonator. Output-radiation noise spectra and photon-number fluctuations are calculated for solid-state (neodymium glass, Nd:YAG) and semiconductor lasers. Theoretical results are compared with a number of experimental data obtained for semiconductor lasers in recent years.

DOI
10.1070/pu2007v050n12abeh006340

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Theoretical and experimental results of investigations into the quantum noise of multimode laser radiation are considered. The feasibility of generating light with a photon-number-squeezed (sub-Poissonian) photon distribution by a multimode laser with a homogeneously broadened line is analyzed. The conditions of noisy and noiseless (regular) pumping are considered. Photon-number fluctuations of the net laser radiation summed over all generated modes are calculated in the approximation of equidistant equal modes, as are photon-number fluctuations in an individual mode inside and outside the resonator. Output-radiation noise spectra and photon-number fluctuations are calculated for solid-state (neodymium glass, Nd:YAG) and semiconductor lasers. Theoretical results are compared with a number of experimental data obtained for semiconductor lasers in recent years.
The mechanism for quantum noise suppression in a multimode laser with a homogeneously broadened line is explained. It is shown that the spontaneous emission noise and pump noise contribution to the photon number fluctuations inside the laser cavity may be suppressed infinitely (up to their complete elimination) when the number of modes participating in the generation is increased. Low-frequency spectral squeezing for an individual output field mode in optimal conditions tends to 100% as the total number of modes increases. The low-frequency spectral squeezing for the total output field may reach 50% below the shot noise level under optimal conditions. The noise suppression of the laser light is explained by the saturation effect of an atomic transition and inter-mode correlation. A multimode laser is an accessible source of light with potentially fully suppressed quantum noise.
The intensity fluctuations of laser light are derived from photon number rate equations. In the limit of short times, the photon statistics for small laser devices such as typical semiconductor laser diodes show thermal characteristics, even above threshold. In the limit of long-time averages represented by the low-frequency component of the noise, the same devices exhibit squeezing. It is shown that squeezing and thermal noise can coexist in the multimode output field of laser diodes. This result implies that the squeezed light generated by regularly pumped semiconductor laser diodes is qualitatively different from single-mode squeezed light. In particular, no entanglement between photons can be generated by use of this type of collective multimode squeezing.
The problem of the creation of a sub-Poissonian radiation source on the basis of a semiconductor laser with an external cavity is considered, which operates, from the viewpoint of quantum optics, in the single-mode regime. The conditions of the generation of sub-Poissonian radiation, under which the whole set of sub-threshold modes, including the nearest modes of the external (long) cavity, is completely suppressed at room temperature, were experimentally revealed and theoretically studied. Single-frequency low-noise lasing is of interest not only for the creation of nonclassical light sources, but also for sensitive spectroscopic applications in the classical domain.
Intensity squeezed light was successfully generated using semiconductor lasers with sub-Poissonian pumping. Control of the pumping statistics is crucial and is achieved by a large series resistor which regulates the pump current; its sub-Poissonian statistics are then transferred to the laser output. The sub-Poissonian pumping of other laser systems is not so simple, however, and their potential as squeezed states sources is apparently diminished. We consider a conventional laser incoherently pumped well above threshold, and allow for pump depletion of the ground state. In this regime, sub-Poissonian photon statistics and squeezed amplitude fluctuations are produced.
We show that the injection of an external field in a laser helps to improve amplitude squeezing and sub-Poissonian light generation close to threshold, but spoils quantum noise reduction for very high pumping rates. A general nonlinear theory is developed for the resonant case (no detunings), without any assumption on the relative magnitudes of field and atomic decay constants, thus encompassing a large class of lasers. Several possible pumping schemes are accommodated, ranging from regular to Poissonian. We carry out a detailed stability analysis of the general equations of motion, relating it to the noise-reduction problem. Both the photon-number variance inside the cavity and the homodyne spectra of the output are discussed.
Summary form only given. Among a variety of schemes for nonclassical light generation, the generation of sub-Poissonian photon-states with semiconductor lasers or light-emitting-diodes (LEDs) has been attracting much attention, primarily from engineering point of view. In this talk, we shall present our experimental results, manifesting substantial noise suppression of output photon fluxes below standard quantum limit (SQL) level from a single LED surprisingly without recourse to high-impedance circuit at room temperature. The observed squeezing is interpreted semiquantitatively in terms of our new model including effects of microscopic backward pump process.