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Journal of Optics B Quantum and Semiclassical Optics

A Bose Einstein condensate in a microtrap

A. Kasper, Sophie Schneider, Ch. vom Hagen, M. Bartenstein, B. Engeser, Thorsten Schumm, I. Bar‐Joseph, R. Folman, L Feenstra, Jörg Schmiedmayer

Published Apr 1, 2003• 23 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We describe an experiment to create a sizable 87 Rb Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) in a simple magnetic microtrap, created by a current through a Z-shaped wire and a homogeneous bias field. The BEC is created close to a reflecting surface. It is an ideal coherent source for experiments with cold atoms close to surfaces, be it small-volume microtraps or directly studying the interactions between cold atoms and a warm surface.

DOI
10.1088/1464-4266/5/2/372

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We describe an experiment to create a sizable 87 Rb Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) in a simple magnetic microtrap, created by a current through a Z-shaped wire and a homogeneous bias field. The BEC is created close to a reflecting surface. It is an ideal coherent source for experiments with cold atoms close to surfaces, be it small-volume microtraps or directly studying the interactions between cold atoms and a warm surface.
A Bose-Einstein condensate is created in a simple and robust miniature Ioffe-Pritchard trap, the so-called Z trap. This trap results from the mere combination of a Z-shaped current-carrying wire and a homogeneous bias field. The experimental procedure allows condensation of typically $3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{5}$ 87Rb{}^{87}\mathrm{Rb}87Rb atoms in the ∣F=2,|F=2,∣F=2, mF=2〉{m}_{F}=2〉mF​=2〉 state close to any mirroring surface, irrespective of the surface structure. Thus it is ideally suited as a simple coherent source for miniature surface traps or for cold atom physics near surfaces.
We describe the production of BECs on a new type of atom chip based on silver foil. Our atom chip is fabricated with thick wires capable of carrying currents of several amperes without overheating. The silver surface is highly reflective to light resonant with optical transitions used for Rb. The pattern on the chip consists of two parallel Z-trap wires, capable of producing two-wire guide, and two additional endcap wires for varying the axial confinement. Condensates are produced in magnetic microtraps formed within 1 mm of surface of the chip. We have observed the fragmentation of cold atom clouds when brought close to the chip surface. This results from a perturbed trapping potential caused by nanometer deviations of the current path through the wires on the chip. We present results of fragmentation of cold clouds at distances below 100 μm from the wires and investigate the origin of the deviating current. The fragmentation has different characteristics to those seen with copper conductors. The dynamics of atoms in these microtraps is also investigated.
In the presented work, we report about the successful creation of a Rubidium Bose-Einstein condensate. We use so called magnetic wire traps, which are especially simple, as they consist out of a wire and a homogeneous bias field. These wire traps are especially suited for Bose-Einstein condensation. Furthermore complex trapping potentials to manipulate a Bose-Einstein condensate can be realized. We combine 'large' and small scale wire traps. The 'large' scale is realized with a massive copper structure, while for the small wire traps we use the so called atom chip. This combination is promising, because it allowed us to develop a condensation process in the copper structure, which is independent of the structures on the atom chip, and thus the exchange of the 'physics' area. First experiments with the Bose-Einstein condensate are presented and discussed in detail.
Bose-Einstein condensation has been achieved in a magnetic surface microtrap with 4 x 10(5) (87)Rb atoms. The strongly anisotropic trapping potential is generated by a microstructure which consists of microfabricated linear copper conductor of widths ranging from 3 to 30 microm. After loading a high number of atoms from a pulsed thermal source directly into a magneto-optical trap the magnetically stored atoms are transferred into the microtrap by adiabatic transformation of the trapping potential. In the microtrap the atoms are cooled to condensation using forced rf-evaporation. The complete in vacuo trap design is compatible with ultrahigh vacuum below 2 x 10(-11) mbar.
We describe a novel method of fabricating atom chips that are well suited to the production and manipulation of atomic Bose–Einstein condensates. Our chip was created using a silver foil and simple micro-cutting techniques without the need for photolithography. It can sustain larger currents than conventional chips, and is compatible with the patterning of complex trapping potentials. A near pure Bose–Einstein condensate of 4 × 10 4 87 Rb atoms has been created in a magnetic microtrap formed by currents through wires on the chip. We have observed the fragmentation of atom clouds in close proximity to the silver conductors. The fragmentation has different characteristic features to those seen with copper conductors.