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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC)

Quantum optics with nanoscale surface plasmons

Alexey V. Akimov, Brendan Shields, C.L. Yu, Darrick E. Chang, Alexander S. Zibrov, Philip Hemmer, Hongkun Park, Frank H. L. Koppens, Nathalie P. de Leon, Parag B. Deotare, Md Istiak Khan, İrfan Bulu, Marko Lončar, Mikhail D. Lukin

Published Jun 1, 2009• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We discuss recent experiments involving a new, broadband approach for engineering photon-emitter interactions via subwavelength confinement of guided optical fields in metallic nanowires [1–2]. The tight confinement of guided excitations in these nanostructures, known as surface plasmons [3–5], results in large interactions between single photons and single optical emitters without the use of a cavity, which can further be manipulated using quantum optical techniques.

DOI
10.1109/cleoe-eqec.2009.5194551

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We discuss recent experiments involving a new, broadband approach for engineering photon-emitter interactions via subwavelength confinement of guided optical fields in metallic nanowires [1–2]. The tight confinement of guided excitations in these nanostructures, known as surface plasmons [3–5], results in large interactions between single photons and single optical emitters without the use of a cavity, which can further be manipulated using quantum optical techniques.
The quantum control of emitters is a key issue for quantum information processing at the nanoscale. This generally necessitates the strong coupling of emitters to a high Q-cavity for efficient manipulation of the atoms and field dynamics (cavity quantum electrodynamics or cQED). Since almost a decade, strong efforts are put to transpose cQED concepts to plasmonics in order to profit of the strong mode confinement of surface plasmons polaritons. Despite the intrinsic presence of lossy channels leading to strong decoherence in plasmonics systems, it has been experimentally proven that it is possible to reach the strong coupling regim [1].
Placing quantum emitters close to a metallic nanowire, an effective interaction can be achieved over distances large compared to the resonance wavelength due to the strong coupling between emitters and the surface plasmon modes of the wire. This leads to modified collective decay rates, as well as to Lamb and dipole-dipole shifts. In this paper, we present a general method for calculating these level shifts, which we subsequently apply to the case of a pair of atoms coupled to the guided modes of a nanowire.
At the quantum limit of nonlinear optics, where single photons interact with individual emitters, new phenomena are found. One-dimensional, subwavelength waveguides have recently emerged as a promising quantum optical platform capable of both guiding and confining photons, leading to efficient light-matter interactions and enhancing quantum optical nonlinearities. We explore this regime using both single organic molecules and epitaxially grown quantum dots coupled to nanoscale waveguides. In the first case, two-color experiments allow us to observe distinctly quantum nonlinearities such as Stark shifts of the molecular resonances or amplification without population inversion, although we are limited by relatively weak molecule-waveguide coupling. In contrast, quantum dots can be nearly perfectly coupled to waveguides, allowing us to demonstrate optical nonlinearities at the true single photon level. These, as we discuss, can be used as a basis for novel on-chip quantum technologies.