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Physical Review Letters

Molecular Cesium Component in Multiphoton Ionization of a Cesium Atomic Beam by a Q -Switched Neodymium-Glass Laser at 1.06 μm

Bernard Held, G. Mainfray, C. Manus, J. Morellec

Published Jan 17, 1972• 38 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In the interaction of a $Q$-switched Nd-glass laser radiation with cesium vapor, the molecular cesium component seems to play an important role in the multiphoton ionization process at low laser intensity.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.28.130

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Resonant Multiphoton Ionization of a Cesium Atomic Beam by a Tunable-Wavelength Q -Switched Neodymium-Glass Laser

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The narrow spectral bandwith (0.4 \AA{}) of a Nd-glass laser was tuned over a range of 40 \AA{} to populate selectively the $6f$ level of cesium atoms. The resulting variation of the multiphoton ionization probability was investigated as a function of the laser wavelength.

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This work reports the multiphoton ionization of cesium atoms, via resonance with the $6F$ level, by interaction with a single transverse and longitudinal mode neodymium-glass laser beam. At a low rate of ion production, when the laser frequency is tuned through resonance, the laser intensity necessary to create a constant number of ions passes through a minimum, as expected, for a three-photon energy equal to the unperturbed $6S\ensuremath{\rightarrow}6F$ transition energy. But for a higher ionization rate, involving larger laser intensities, a departure from expectation is observed which is interpreted as a consequence of an energy shift of the transition. The level shifts are demonstrated in another way by their strong effect on the experimental order of nonlinearity of the interaction, ${K}_{\mathrm{expt}}$. A sharp variation of ${K}_{\mathrm{expt}}$ is observed when the energy shift of the $6S\ensuremath{\rightarrow}6F$ transition exactly compensates the wavelength detuning of the laser. The latter method gives shift values which are found to be independent of the large variations of the interaction volume under conditions of resonance. Both methods give a linear dependence of the shifts on the laser intensity. Identification of these shifts with energy shifts of the $6S\ensuremath{\rightarrow}6F$ transition is subject to theoretical reservations and needs further experimentation.

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ATOMS INTERACTING WITH ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS, MULTIPHOTON IONIZATION

G. Mainfray

The non linear interaction between an intense laser radiation and atoms leads to ionization through the absorption of N photons from the laser radiation via laser-induced virtual states. The multiphoton ionization rate varies as a function of the laser intensity I as IN. We discuss the two most important effects which govern multiphoton ionization processes : resonance effects and laser-coherence effects. In a moderate laser intensity range (107 - 109 W cm-2) corresponding to the two, three or four-photon ionization of atoms, resonance effects play a dominant role while the photon statistics of the laser radiation are relatively unimportant. On the contrary, in the very high intensity range (1012 - 1013 W cm-2) required to observe large Nth - order ionization processes, coherence effects play a dominant role through N! enhancement in the N-photon ionization rate, while resonance effects are completely damped due to the high laser intensity. We conclude by reviewing the possible applications of multiphoton absorption processes in other fields.

Le Journal de Physique Colloques•Nov 1, 1982•1 citation
In the interaction of a QQQ-switched Nd-glass laser radiation with cesium vapor, the molecular cesium component seems to play an important role in the multiphoton ionization process at low laser intensity.
The narrow spectral bandwith (0.4 \AA{}) of a Nd-glass laser was tuned over a range of 40 \AA{} to populate selectively the 6f6f6f level of cesium atoms. The resulting variation of the multiphoton ionization probability was investigated as a function of the laser wavelength.
This work reports the multiphoton ionization of cesium atoms, via resonance with the 6F6F6F level, by interaction with a single transverse and longitudinal mode neodymium-glass laser beam. At a low rate of ion production, when the laser frequency is tuned through resonance, the laser intensity necessary to create a constant number of ions passes through a minimum, as expected, for a three-photon energy equal to the unperturbed $6S\ensuremath{\rightarrow}6F$ transition energy. But for a higher ionization rate, involving larger laser intensities, a departure from expectation is observed which is interpreted as a consequence of an energy shift of the transition. The level shifts are demonstrated in another way by their strong effect on the experimental order of nonlinearity of the interaction, Kexpt{K}_{\mathrm{expt}}Kexpt​. A sharp variation of Kexpt{K}_{\mathrm{expt}}Kexpt​ is observed when the energy shift of the $6S\ensuremath{\rightarrow}6F$ transition exactly compensates the wavelength detuning of the laser. The latter method gives shift values which are found to be independent of the large variations of the interaction volume under conditions of resonance. Both methods give a linear dependence of the shifts on the laser intensity. Identification of these shifts with energy shifts of the $6S\ensuremath{\rightarrow}6F$ transition is subject to theoretical reservations and needs further experimentation.
The non linear interaction between an intense laser radiation and atoms leads to ionization through the absorption of N photons from the laser radiation via laser-induced virtual states. The multiphoton ionization rate varies as a function of the laser intensity I as IN. We discuss the two most important effects which govern multiphoton ionization processes : resonance effects and laser-coherence effects. In a moderate laser intensity range (107 - 109 W cm-2) corresponding to the two, three or four-photon ionization of atoms, resonance effects play a dominant role while the photon statistics of the laser radiation are relatively unimportant. On the contrary, in the very high intensity range (1012 - 1013 W cm-2) required to observe large Nth - order ionization processes, coherence effects play a dominant role through N! enhancement in the N-photon ionization rate, while resonance effects are completely damped due to the high laser intensity. We conclude by reviewing the possible applications of multiphoton absorption processes in other fields.