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Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE

Slow light in cesium vapor: pulse delay measurements and predicted delay

Monte D. Anderson, Glen P. Perram

Published Dec 28, 2009• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

In this manuscript predicted delay is developed for a pulse propagating through an atomic vapor. Theoretical description for pulse delay is developed from atomic absorption coefficient with hyperfine structure and Voigt lineshape. Predicted delays are in agreement with observed delays in a cesium vapor cell at various temperatures between 78.9°C and 137.2°C.

DOI
10.1117/12.842362

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In this manuscript predicted delay is developed for a pulse propagating through an atomic vapor. Theoretical description for pulse delay is developed from atomic absorption coefficient with hyperfine structure and Voigt lineshape. Predicted delays are in agreement with observed delays in a cesium vapor cell at various temperatures between 78.9°C and 137.2°C.
We observe pulse delays of up to twenty times the input pulse duration when 200 ps laser pulses pass through a hot Rb 85 vapor cell. The pulse peak travels with a velocity equal to c/20, and the energy transmission is 5%. For pulses with a linewidth greater than typical features in the atomic dispersion, pulse delay is predicted and observed for all center frequencies near resonance. Pulse advance is never observed. The measurements are in good agreement with a three-level linear-dispersion calculation. We are able to control the amount of delay by using a steady-state laser beam for optical pumping of the ground states prior to sending in the test pulse.
In this study, we investigate the effect of the optical thickness of an atomic vapor cell and the delay of the gated camera on the instrument function in Slow Light Imaging Spectroscopy. In an atomic vapor medium, the slow light effect happens at certain frequency windows where there is a large slope of the index of refraction versus frequency. The extent of these windows depends on the important parameters of the vapor cell (i.e., the optical thickness). Furthermore, the gate delay determines the minimum amount of delay that a signal needs to experience before it is detected. These two parameters determine the shape of the instrument function of the spectrometer in slow light imaging spectroscopy. Simulation and experimental results show that when absorption lines of cesium vapor at 852.1 nm are used as a delay medium, the instrument function at low temperature consists of four peaks corresponding to the steep refractive index gradients at either side of the two hyperfine absorption lines. By increasing the temperature, these peaks move away from the absorption lines. When the two peaks between the two absorption lines move away from their corresponding absorption lines, they move closer to each other until they blend, forming a strong peak. By increasing the gate delay, the four peaks of the instrument function reappear.
We study ultrabroadband slow light in a warm rubidium vapor cell. By working between the D1 and D2 transitions, we find a several-nanometer window centered at 788.4 nm in which the group index is highly uniform and the absorption is small (<1%). We demonstrate that we can control the group delay by varying the temperature of the cell, and we observe a tunable fractional delay of 18 for pulses as short as 250 fs (6.9 nm bandwidth) with a fractional broadening of only 0.65 and a power leakage of 55%. We find that a simple theoretical model is in excellent agreement with the experimental results. Using this model, we discuss the impact of the pulse’s spectral characteristics on the distortion it incurs during propagation through the vapor.
Optically tunable pulse delays in cesium vapor were demonstrated by pumping several D2 transitions and burning holes in the D1 absorption spectrum. A modified sub-Doppler absorption spectroscopy setup was used with counter propagating beams with a Gaussian 7-ns full-width at half-maximum probe pulse is scanned across the D1 absorption spectrum. Probe laser optical delays followed Kramers-Kronig model prediction for Cs D1 without D2 pump laser. Optical control of pulse delay was demonstrated by varying pump intensity. Localized delay effects in agreement with model predictions were observed in the neighborhood of a burnt hole.