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Communications in Theoretical Physics

Secure Communication Based on Quantum Key

Song Jie, Yan Xia, He‐Shan Song

Published Mar 1, 2008• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We introduce a protocol for QKD based on reusable entangled states. In this protocol, the EPR pairs act as a quantum key to encode and decode information particles. And only an information particle travels between the legitimated users. This improves the security and efficiency of communication. In addition, we show that its extension to a new QSS protocol is also secure and efficient.

DOI
10.1088/0253-6102/49/3/24

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We introduce a protocol for QKD based on reusable entangled states. In this protocol, the EPR pairs act as a quantum key to encode and decode information particles. And only an information particle travels between the legitimated users. This improves the security and efficiency of communication. In addition, we show that its extension to a new QSS protocol is also secure and efficient.
Cryptographic world has faced multiple challenges that are included in encoding and decoding transmitting information into a secure communication channel. Quantum cryptography may be another generation of the cryptography world, which is based on the law of physics. After decades of using the classical cryptography, there is an essential need to move a step forward through the most trusted systems, especially enormous amount of data flows through billions of communicating channels (e.g. The internet), and keeping this transmitting information away from eavesdropping is obligatory. Moreover, quantum cryptography has proved its standing against many weaknesses in the classical cryptography. One of these weaknesses is the ability to copy any type of information using a passive attack without an interruption, which is impossible in the quantum system. Theoretically, several quantum observables are utilized to diagnose an action of one particle. These observables are included in measuring mass, movement, speed, etc. The polarization of one photon occurs normally and randomly in the space. Any interruption that happens during sending of a light will cause a deconstruction of the light polarization. Therefore, particles’ movement in a three-dimensional space is supported by Non-Cloning theory that makes eavesdroppers unable to interrupt a communication system. In case an eavesdropper tried to interrupt a photon, the photon will be destroyed after passing the photon into a quantum detector or any measurement device. In the last decades, many Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) protocols have been created to initiate a secret key during encoding and decoding transmitted data operations. Some of these protocols were proven un-secure based on the quantum attacks that were released early. Even though the power of physics is still active and the Non-Cloning theory is unbroken, some QKD protocols failed during the security measurements. The main reason of the failure is based on the inability to provide the authentication between the end users during the quantum and classical channels. The proposed QKD protocol was designed to utilize some advantages of quantum physics as well as solid functions that are used in the classical cryptography. The authentication is a requirement during different communication channels, where both legitimate parties must confirm their identities before starting to submit data (plain-text). Moreover, the protocol uses most needed scenarios to finish the communication without leaking important data. These scenarios have been approved in existing QKD protocols either by classical or quantum systems. The matrix techniques also are used as a part of the preparation of the authentication key, where the end users communicate by an EPR (related to Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen theory in 1935) channel. The EPR channel will be supported by an entanglement of particles. If the EPR communication succeeded, transferring the converted plain-text is required. Finally, both end users will have an authenticated secret key, and the submission will be done without any interruption.
In order to improve the security and efficiency of quantum key distribution protocol,a protocol was proposed based on entanglement swapping.The two parties of communication establish the key by performing the Bell state measurement.No other people can get the key without being found.Different from the proposed protocol,the Bell measurement of any two Bell states can be realized to achieve the purpose of quantum key distribution.It does not need multi-particle entangled state but only EPR pair to realize the protocol.Analysis results showed that this protocol not only ensures the security of the quantum key shared information,but also uses the entanglement states of two photons without unitary operation. And the protocol is simple and efficient.
Quantum key distribution (QKD) is an innovative solution in the cryptography world to prevent the information leakage that can sometimes be deliberate. Several QKD protocols were recently presented for building a secure shared key, of which the BB84 protocol is one of those interesting protocols. The authentication between the communicating parties is one of the issues that cause a huge argument. Furthermore, the current well-known QKD protocols are not yet ready to realize the personality of either the sender or the receiver, although the QKD protocol is already protected by the rules of physics and quantum mechanics to detect any interruption. This paper introduces a new QKD protocol that utilizes two quantum channels to provide authenticated communications for legitimate parties. Moreover, the proposed QKD protocol uses two type of physical behaviors, entanglement and superposition states. The entangled states are utilized to confirm the authentication between the end users, while the superposition states carry the secret key that will be shared between the users.
Quantum entanglement information encoding protocol presents a novel approach to secure communication utilizing the instantaneous correlations between entangled particles. This paper details the design and implementation of a QKD protocol predicated on this entanglement, emphasizing enhanced security and extended key length compared to existing methods. We introduce a novel key generation algorithm that leverages the instantaneous mutual influence characteristic of entangled states, coupled with a quantum state storage mechanism for improved key retention. The protocol's advantages include reduced operational costs and enhanced security through direct entanglement transfer, offering a significant advancement in secure communication paradigms.
Quantum cryptography is considered a solution for sharing secret information in a secure mode. Establishing a quantum security platform into an exciting system requires a package of stable processes. One of these processes is based on creating a Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) protocol or sharing a secret key. This paper presents a QKD protocol that utilizes two quantum channels to prepare a shared secret key. The first communication channel will be initiated by entanglement states, where the entangled photons will be emitted by a trusted third party. The second communication channel utilizes the superposition states that will be initiated by the one of the communicated parties. Moreover, the protocol produces a string of random qubits after verifying the communicated legitimate parties during entangled state channels. The produced string will reflect the shared secret key between the users.