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Physical Review Letters

Cavity-Induced Interference Pattern with Dark Center from Two Fluorescing Atoms

Georg M. Meyer, Gordon Yeoman

Published Oct 6, 1997• 25 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We show that the resonance fluorescence from a symmetric system of two incoherently pumped atoms coupled to a cavity mode produces interference fringes that possess a minimum on the symmetry plane. This unique deviation from Young-type interferences can be explained intuitively by the process of stimulated emission and reabsorption, leading to a cavity-induced anticorrelation of the atomic dipoles. Detailed consideration of an optical pumping scheme reveals the surprising role of cavity damping. We propose an experiment utilizing a two-level system in ${\mathrm{In}}^{+}$.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.79.2650

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We show that the resonance fluorescence from a symmetric system of two incoherently pumped atoms coupled to a cavity mode produces interference fringes that possess a minimum on the symmetry plane. This unique deviation from Young-type interferences can be explained intuitively by the process of stimulated emission and reabsorption, leading to a cavity-induced anticorrelation of the atomic dipoles. Detailed consideration of an optical pumping scheme reveals the surprising role of cavity damping. We propose an experiment utilizing a two-level system in In+{\mathrm{In}}^{+}In+.
In a recent paper Meyer and Yeoman [Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 2650 (1997)] have shown that the resonance fluorescence from two atoms placed in a cavity and driven by an incoherent field can produce an interference pattern with a dark center. We study the fluorescence from two coherently driven atoms in free space and show that this system can also produce an interference pattern with a dark center. This happens when the atoms are in nonequivalent positions in the driving field, i.e., the atoms experience different intensities and phases of the driving field. We discuss the role of the interatomic interactions in this process and find that the interference pattern with a dark center results from the participation of the antisymmetric state in the dynamics of the driven two-atom system.
We study theoretically the interference of the resonance fluorescence from two atoms coupled to an optical cavity mode. Atom-atom correlations induced by the cavity alter the fringe visibility, which provides a measurement of collective atomic behavior. We use quantum trajectories to explain the loss of mutual coherence for strong excitation and propose a phase-selective measurement to partially restore the coherence. A ``which-path'' explanation for the loss of coherence is also discussed.
We investigate quantum interference and classical-interference effects when three-level atoms in the ``$\ensuremath{\Lambda}$'' or ``V'' configuration interact with both a cavity-field mode and an external driving field mode. We describe electromagnetically induced transparency ($\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ configuration), as well as a ``field-induced transparency'' (V configuration), and we go beyond the weak cavity-field studies of previous papers by utilizing a Heisenberg-picture density matrix approach. We find that under certain circumstances the cavity field evolves to be equal in magnitude to, but $180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ out of phase with, the external pump field when the pump-field frequency equals the cavity frequency, a surprising effect found in two-level atoms in a cavity excited by an external pump field that persists in three-level atoms. The better the cavity, the quicker this buildup occurs. When the cavity field reaches this ``out-of-phase'' condition, the resonance fluorescence from the atom in the cavity goes to zero. This is a purely classical-interference effect between the two out-of-phase fields, with the resonance fluorescence going to zero at the same time as the two excited state populations go to zero. This is quite different from the quantum interference that occurs under the right circumstances when the state populations are coherently driven into a linear combination that is decoupled from any applied field and population is trapped in the excited states (``coherent population trapping''). When the cavity frequency is tuned to the frequency at which quantum interference would occur, the two interference effects compete with each other. The cavity field begins to evolve toward the $180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ out-of-phase condition, thereby approaching a classical destructive interference condition with the pump field. Then at some point before 100% classical interference occurs, depending on the cavity damping rate and atom/cavity coupling strength, the atom builds up its coherence between state populations to produce the quantum interference effect. At that point, the atom becomes transparent and resonance fluorescence disappears, including fluorescence into the cavity, thereby causing the cavity field to die away.
We have investigated the coherence of resonance fluorescence for a coherently driven two two-level atoms coupled to a single-mode cavity in the bad cavity limit. By adjusting the detuning of the cavity-mode frequency from the driving filed frequency, we can enhance the fringe contrast factor as well as decrease the second order correlation function. The surprising effect produced by the detuning has an effect on the atomic dress-state population, which makes the fringe contrast factor and the second order correlation function changed evidently.
We study atomic coherence and interference in four-level atoms confined in an optical cavity and explores the interplay between cavity QED and electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). The destructive interference can be induced in the coupled cavity-atom system with a free-space control laser tuned to the normal mode resonance and leads to suppression of the normal mode excitation. Then by adding a pump laser coupled to the four-level atoms from free space, the control-laser induced destructive interference can be reversed and the normal mode excitation is restored. When the free-space control laser is tuned to the atomic resonance and forms a Λ-type EIT configuration with the cavity-atom system, EIT is manifested as a narrow transmission peak of a weak probe laser coupled into the cavity mode. With the free-space pump laser driving the cavity-confined atoms in a four-level configuration, the narrow transmission peak of the cavity EIT can be split into two peaks and the dressed intra-cavity dark states are created analogous to the dressed states in free space. We report experimental studies of such coherently coupled cavity-atom system realized with cold Rb atoms confined in an optical cavity and discuss possible applications in quantum nonlinear optics and quantum information science.