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Fiber & Integrated Optics

Stimulated rayleigh-kerr and raman-kerr scattering in a liquid-core hollow fiber system

Guang S. He, Paras N. Prasad

Published Mar 1, 1990• 12 citations
Publisher

Abstract

By using a liquid-core multimode hollow fiber system with a long gain-length (2.5 or 7 m), a superbroadening stimulated scattering added to the pump line and/or the several orders of Stokes-stimulated Raman scattering lines of the core medium can be observed. This kind of stimulated scattering is related to the optical Kerr (reorientation) effect and Raman-induced Kerr effect in a liquid consisting of anisotropic molecules. Experimental studies of hollow fiber filled with different liquid samples (carbon disulfide, benzene, carbon tetrachloride) are reported. A theoretical approach based on a photon scattering model of optical Kerr effect and Raman-induced Kerr effect is proposed to explain the principal features of our experimental results. The significance of stimulated Kerr scattering studies and their potential applications are discussed.

DOI
10.1080/01468039008202890

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•May 7, 2018•10 citations
By using a liquid-core multimode hollow fiber system with a long gain-length (2.5 or 7 m), a superbroadening stimulated scattering added to the pump line and/or the several orders of Stokes-stimulated Raman scattering lines of the core medium can be observed. This kind of stimulated scattering is related to the optical Kerr (reorientation) effect and Raman-induced Kerr effect in a liquid consisting of anisotropic molecules. Experimental studies of hollow fiber filled with different liquid samples (carbon disulfide, benzene, carbon tetrachloride) are reported. A theoretical approach based on a photon scattering model of optical Kerr effect and Raman-induced Kerr effect is proposed to explain the principal features of our experimental results. The significance of stimulated Kerr scattering studies and their potential applications are discussed.
A Stokes shifted superbroadening stimulated scattering has been studied in a CS2{\mathrm{CS}}_{2}CS2​ liquid-core hollow fiber system with a long gain length (2.5 m) by using \ensuremath{\approxeq}10-ns laser pulses with a pump intensity range of (106{10}^{6}106--5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}108{10}^{8}108 W/cm2{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}cm2). The salient features of this stimulated scattering are that the spectral broadening range is very large (\ensuremath{\ge}700 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$) and no detectable shift of the spectral maximum or periodical modulation structure is observed. In order to interpret our experimental results, various possible mechanisms and processes are discussed. A model based on stimulated Kerr scattering of anisotropic molecules in liquid is suggested to explain the observation. This model assumes a single-step reorientation of anisotropic molecules induced by an intense optical field.
Stimulated Raman scattering is investigated in a slightly multimode gas-filled hollow-core photonic crystal fiber. Although, second-order Stokes light appears in the fundamental mode below a certain threshold energy, it is observed to switch to a two-lobed higher order mode above this threshold. Conversion to the higher order mode is made possible by the creation of a two-lobed moving coherence wave in the gas that provides both phase-matching and a strong intermodal pump-Stokes overlap. A theoretical model is developed, based on this physical interpretation that agrees quantitatively with the experimental results. The results suggest new opportunities for all-fiber gas-based nonlinear processes requiring phase-matching, such as coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering, as well as providing a means (for example) of efficiently converting light from a higher order pump mode to a fundamental Stokes mode.
Backward stimulated Raman scattering in gases provides a promising route to compression and amplification of a Stokes seed-pulse by counter-propagating against a pump-pulse, as has been already demonstrated in various platforms, mainly in free-space. However, the dynamics governing this process when seeded by noise has not yet been investigated in a fully controllable collinear environment. Here we report the first unambiguous observation of efficient noise-seeded backward stimulated Raman scattering in a hydrogen-filled hollow-core photonic crystal fiber. At high gas pressures, when the backward Raman gain is comparable with, but lower than, the forward gain, we report quantum conversion efficiencies exceeding 40% to the backward Stokes at 683 nm from a narrowband 532-nm-pump. The efficiency increases to 65% when the backward process is seeded by a small amount of back-reflected forward-generated Stokes light. At high pump powers the backward Stokes signal, emitted in a clean fundamental mode and spectrally pure, is unexpectedly always stronger than its forward-propagating counterpart. We attribute this striking observation to the unique temporal dynamics of the interacting fields, which cause the Raman coherence (which takes the form of a moving fine-period Bragg grating) to grow in strength towards the input end of the fiber. A good understanding of this process, together with the rapid development of novel anti-resonant-guiding hollow-core fibers, may lead to improved designs of efficient gas-based Raman lasers and amplifiers operating at wavelengths from the ultraviolet to the mid-infrared.
We demonstrate a fiber-based slow light system using a carbon disulfide (CS2)) filled integrated liquid-core optical fiber (i-LCOF). Using 1 meter of i-LCOF we were able to delay 18ps pulses up to 34ps; a delay of 188% of the pulse width. This experimental setup serves as a foundation for slow-light experiments in other nonlinear liquids. Numerical simulations of pulse-propagation equations confirmed the observed delay and a simplified method is presented that can be applied to calculate induced delay for non-cw Stokes pulses. The system is all-fiber and compact with delays greater than a pulse width, indicating potential application as an ultrafast controllable delay line for time division multiplexing in multiGb/s telecommunication systems.
We report the first demonstration of group delay tuning with stimulated Raman scattering-induced dispersion in a hydrogen-filled hollow-core optical fiber.A pump laser induces a sharp refractive index change near the S 0 (0) Raman transition of hydrogen molecules, enabling the control of the group velocity of signal pulses around the Stokes wavelength.Experiments with an 80-m-long hollow-core fiber filled with 2.5 bar hydrogen achieved continuous tuning of the pulse delay up to 1.42 ns by varying the Raman amplification from 0 to 10 dB.The tunable pulse delay is realized by changing the pump power as well as the hydrogen pressure.This work provides a new technique for controlling the pulse propagation in optical fibers with high flexibility.
Backward stimulated Raman scattering in gases provides a promising route to the compression and amplification of a Stokes seed pulse by counter-propagating against a pump pulse, as has been demonstrated already in various platforms, mainly in free space. However, the dynamics governing this process when seeded by noise has not yet been investigated in a fully controllable collinear environment. Here we report, to the best of our knowledge, the first unambiguous observation of efficient noise-seeded backward stimulated Raman scattering in a hydrogen-filled hollow-core photonic crystal fiber. At high gas pressures, when the backward Raman gain is comparable to, but lower than, the forward gain, we report quantum conversion efficiencies exceeding 40% to the backward Stokes at 683 nm from a narrowband 532 nm pump. Efficiency increases to 65% when the backward process is seeded by a small amount of back-reflected forward-generated Stokes light. At high pump powers, the backward Stokes signal, emitted in a clean fundamental mode and spectrally pure, is unexpectedly always stronger than its forward-propagating counterpart. We attribute this striking observation to the unique temporal dynamics of the interacting fields, which cause the Raman coherence (which takes the form of a moving fine-period Bragg grating) to grow in strength toward the input end of the fiber. A good understanding of this process, together with the rapid development of novel anti-resonant-guiding hollow-core fibers, may lead to improved designs of efficient gas-based Raman lasers and amplifiers operating at wavelengths from the ultraviolet to the mid-infrared.