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Journal of Physics C Solid State Physics

Dynamic Zeeman effect at microwave frequencies

I. S. Ciccarello, M. Guccione, M. Li Vigni

Published Jan 30, 1983• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

The fluorescence emission by a two-level spin system strongly saturated by a resonant field is investigated at microwave frequencies. The measurements are performed on samples of Al2O3+0.065% of Cr2O3 near the second harmonic (SH) frequency of the driving field. The on-resonance SH spectrum shows the three-peaked structure where the relative distance of the sideband components increases on increasing the field intensity.

DOI
10.1088/0022-3719/16/3/005

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The fluorescence emission by a two-level spin system strongly saturated by a resonant field is investigated at microwave frequencies. The measurements are performed on samples of Al2O3+0.065% of Cr2O3 near the second harmonic (SH) frequency of the driving field. The on-resonance SH spectrum shows the three-peaked structure where the relative distance of the sideband components increases on increasing the field intensity.
It is suggested that the combined effect of a resonant magnetic field (dynamic Zeeman effect) and of the fluctuations due to spin-spin and spin-lattice interactions could give rise to inelastic components in the emission spectrum of a paramagnetic system. It is also shown that a similar effect can be expected in the second harmonic emission. It is found that if the Rabi frequency is much larger than the relaxation rates, both the resonant and the second harmonic spectra show the two side lines typical of the atomic resonant fluorescence. The results are illustrated by means of a semiclassical model. Plots of expected spectra as a function of the frequency are given for some realistic parameters of paramagnetic samples.
Two-photon transitions in a nearly resonant three-level spin system are experimentally investigated at microwave frequencies by detecting the second harmonic (SH) wave emitted by a resonant paramagnetic spin sample. The dependence of the SH intensity and lineshape on the detuning of the intermediate level from the resonance is measured in a dilute ruby sample (Cr 3+ :Al 2 O 3 ). It is shown that the SH output is the coherent superposition of two different contributions which come, respectively, from processes which involve all three levels and from Raman-like processes to which the intermediate level does not take part. The dependence on the intensity and polarisation of the input radiation is measured for each one of the two kinds of processes and interference effects between them are detected.
The frequency distribution of the second harmonic radiated by a two-level system in the presence of a two-photon resonant electromagnetic field is investigated. It is shown that the interaction of a permanent dipole with the driving field causes, in the second harmonic spectra, effects analogous to those belonging to the resonance fluorescence. The effects (dynamic Zeeman or Stark effects) are, however, of the second order in the amplitude of the driving field. The results are illustrated by using the vectorial model of Feynman, Vernon and Hellwarth (1957). Numerical results based on realistic parameters of a paramagnetic system are given.
Second-harmonic (SH) generation by paramagnetic samples at microwave frequency is considered, and the dependence of its intensity on the total number NNN of active centers is experimentally investigated. The reported results show a N2{N}^{2}N2 dependence of the SH intensity near the resonance condition and a higher NNN dependence in the far wings of the SH line. A qualitative explanation is suggested in which the observed effect is related to the internal correlations established among the spins during the SH generation process, as theoretically investigated in the following paper by Persico.
Multiphoton emitters are a sought-after resource in quantum photonics. Nonlinear interactions between a multilevel atomic system and a coherent drive can lead to resonant two-photon emission, but harvesting light from this process has remained a challenge due to the small oscillator strengths involved. Here we present a study of two-photon resonance fluorescence at microwave frequencies, using a superconducting, ladder-type artificial atom, a transmon, strongly coupled to a waveguide. We drive the two-photon transition between the ground and second-excited states at increasingly high powers and observe a resonance fluorescence peak whose intensity becomes comparable to single-photon emission until it splits into a Mollow-like triplet. We measure photon correlations of frequency-filtered spectral lines and find that while emission at the fundamental frequency stays antibunched, the resonance fluorescence peak at the two-photon transition is superbunched. Our results provide a route towards the realization of multiphoton sources in the microwave domain.