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Physical Review B

Stopping single photons in one-dimensional circuit quantum electrodynamics systems

Jung‐Tsung Shen, Michelle L. Povinelli, Sunil Sandhu, Shanhui Fan

Published Jan 12, 2007• 37 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We propose a mechanism to stop and time reverse single photons in one-dimensional circuit quantum electrodynamics systems. As a concrete example, we exploit the large tunability of the superconducting charge quantum bit (charge qubit) to predict one-photon transport properties in multiple-qubit systems with dynamically controlled transition frequencies. In particular, two qubits coupled to a waveguide give rise to a single-photon transmission line shape that is analogous to electromagnetically induced transparency in atomic systems. Furthermore, by cascading double-qubit structures to form an array and dynamically controlling the qubit transition frequencies, a single photon can be stopped, stored, and time reversed. With a properly designed array, two photons can be stopped and stored in the system at the same time. Moreover, the unit cell of the array can be designed to be of deep subwavelength scale, miniaturizing the circuit.

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.75.035320

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We propose a mechanism to stop and time reverse single photons in one-dimensional circuit quantum electrodynamics systems. As a concrete example, we exploit the large tunability of the superconducting charge quantum bit (charge qubit) to predict one-photon transport properties in multiple-qubit systems with dynamically controlled transition frequencies. In particular, two qubits coupled to a waveguide give rise to a single-photon transmission line shape that is analogous to electromagnetically induced transparency in atomic systems. Furthermore, by cascading double-qubit structures to form an array and dynamically controlling the qubit transition frequencies, a single photon can be stopped, stored, and time reversed. With a properly designed array, two photons can be stopped and stored in the system at the same time. Moreover, the unit cell of the array can be designed to be of deep subwavelength scale, miniaturizing the circuit.
We introduce a circuit quantum electrodynamical setup for a "single-photon" transistor. In our approach photons propagate in two open transmission lines that are coupled via two interacting transmon qubits. The interaction is such that no photons are exchanged between the two transmission lines but a single photon in one line can completely block or enable the propagation of photons in the other line. High on-off ratios can be achieved for feasible experimental parameters. Our approach is inherently scalable as all photon pulses can have the same pulse shape and carrier frequency such that output signals of one transistor can be input signals for a consecutive transistor.
We theoretically study how to control transport, bound states, and resonant states of a single photon in a one-dimensional coupled-cavity array. We find that the transport of a single photon in the cavity array can be controlled by tuning the frequency of either one or two cavities. If one of the cavities in the array has a tunable frequency, and its frequency is tuned to be larger (or smaller) than those of other cavities, then there is a photon bound state above (or below) the energy band of the coupled-cavity array. However, if two cavities in the array have tunable frequencies, then there exist both bound states and resonant states. If the frequencies of the two cavities are chosen to be much larger than those of other cavities, and the hopping couplings between any two nearest-neighbor cavities are weak, then a single photon with a resonant wave vector can be trapped in the region between the two frequency-tunable cavities. In this case, a quantum supercavity can be formed by these two frequency-tunable cavities. We also study how to apply this photon transport control to an array of coupled superconducting transmission line resonators.
A single-photon switch is an important element for the building of scalable quantum networks. In this paper, we propose a feasible scheme for efficient single-photon switching. The proposed switch is controlled by a state of a qubit formed by the pair of the lowest levels of a three-level system (qutrit) coupled to a resonator. This resonator-qutrit system comprises a switching unit of the considered setup. For suppression of the Purcell relaxation of the control qubit, the switching unit is embedded into a coupled-resonator array serving as an engineered electromagnetic environment with a band gap on a qubit transition frequency. We discuss the possible implementation of the considered single-photon switch on the microwave circuit QED architecture. We demonstrate that high switching contrasts can be attained for the parameters achievable for the state-of-the-art superconducting circuit QED setups.
Abstract Vacuum fluctuations fundamentally affect an atom by inducing a finite excited state lifetime along with a Lamb shift of its transition frequency. Here we report the reverse effect: modification of vacuum modes by a single atom in circuit quantum electrodynamics. Our one-dimensional vacuum is a long section of a high wave impedance (comparable to resistance quantum) superconducting transmission line. It is directly wired to a transmon qubit circuit. Owing to the combination of high impedance and galvanic connection, the transmon’s spontaneous emission linewidth can greatly exceed the discrete transmission line modes spacing. This condition defines a previously unexplored superstrong coupling regime of quantum electrodynamics where many frequency-resolved vacuum modes hybridize with a single atom. We establish this regime by observing the spontaneous emission line of the transmon, revealed through the mode-by-mode measurement of the vacuum’s density of states. The linewidth as well as the atom-induced dispersive photon−photon interaction are accurately described by a physically transparent Caldeira−Leggett model, with the transmon’s quartic nonlinearity treated as a perturbation. Nonperturbative modification of vacuum, including inelastic scattering of single photons, can be enabled by the superstrong coupling regime upon replacing the transmon by more anharmonic qubits, with broad implications for simulating quantum impurity models of many-body physics.