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Optics Letters

Electric-field-modulated photon echoes in Pr^3+:YAlO_3

R. M. Macfarlane, Alfred Johann Meixner

Published Jul 1, 1994• 12 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We measured the Stark coefficient for the (3)H(4)(1) ? (1)D(2)(1) transition of Pr(3+):YAlO(3), using the technique of Stark-modulated photon echoes. This gave a value of 58 kHz/(V cm(-1)) for the vector difference between ground-and excited-state electric dipole moments. The resolution with which Stark shifts could be measured in these experiments was ~500 Hz, which is more than an order of magnitude less than the homogeneous linewidth.

DOI
10.1364/ol.19.000987

Related papers

Measurement of the Stark effect with subhomogeneous linewidth resolution in Eu3+ : YAlO3 with the use of photon-echo modulation

Alfred Johann Meixner, C. Michael Jefferson, R. M. Macfarlane

We report a spectroscopic method for precisely measuring the effects of very small energy-shifting perturbations such as the Stark effect, with subhomogeneous-linewidth resolution. This method combines the conventional 2-pulse photon echo or stimulated photon echo with an interferometric technique based on the manipulation of the optical phase of an absorbing species with the perturbing field. This is illustrated by the Stark effect on the $^{7}$${\mathit{F}}_{0}$${\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}^{5}$${\mathit{D}}_{0}$ transition of ${\mathrm{Eu}}^{3+}$:${\mathrm{YAlO}}_{3}$, where we measure a Stark coefficient of 33.7 kHz/V ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ with a resolution of 1.9 kHz.

Physical review. B, Condensed matter•Sep 1, 1992•41 citations

Modulation of photon-echo intensities by electric fields: Pseudo-Stark splittings in alexandrite and YAlO3 : Er3+

Y. P. Wang, Richard S. Meltzer

We describe and demonstrate a method for performing ultrahigh-resolution optical spectroscopy in the time domain which utilizes modulations in the intensity of the two-pulse photon echo in the presence of a perturbation that splits the optical transition frequencies of two or more subgroups of ions. The method is applied to a measurement of the pseudo-Stark effect in alexandrite and ${\mathrm{YAlO}}_{3}$:${\mathrm{Er}}^{3+}$. Stark shifts of \ensuremath{\simeq}100 kHz are observed, but the technique is capable of resolutions 10 kHz in some systems.

Physical review. B, Condensed matter•May 1, 1992•25 citations

Precise Measurement of the Stark Effect with Sub-homogeneous Linewidth Resolution in Eu3+:YAIO3

Alfred Johann Meixner, C. Michael Jefferson, R. M. Macfarlane

The photon echo is often the best technique for measuring ultra narrow homogeneous linewidths of an inhomogeneously broadened optical transition for which a higher spectral resolution than the laser bandwidth is required. Homogenous linewidths on the order of one kHz have been measured for Eu3+ and Pr3+ in different host materials at liquid helium temperature from the echo intensity as a function of the delay between the two excitation pulses. These linewidths arc three orders of magnitude narrower than the long term jitter bandwidth of the laser which was used for excitation.1 Here we present a novel spectroscopic method based on the modulation of a 2-pulsc photon echo or a stimulated echo by an externally applied field, for the accurate measurement of frequency shifting perturbations with sub-homogeneous linewidth resolution. This is illustrated by the Stark effect on the 7F0→5D0 transition of Eu3+:YAIO3. The basic idea is that two coherent preparation pulses create an excited state population grating in the frequency domain of an inhomogeneously broadened line, which then gives rise to the echo in the course of the free induction decay of the coherently prepared ions. Since the photon echo can be observed for pulse separations much larger than T2, it is possible to generate frequency gratings which have a periodic spacing smaller than the homogeneous linewidth.2 In the case of a centrosymmetric crystal there are two groups of ions with equal and opposite dipole moments. An applied electric field Es shifts the ground and excited state energy levels through interaction with the electric dipole moments of these states and hence leads to a linear frequency shift, Ω=δμ⇀⋅E⇀s/ℏ, for the two sets of ions in opposite directions, where δμ⇀ is the difference between the ground and excited state dipole moments. If the electric field is applied after the first pulse, the two sets of ions accumulate equal and opposite phase shifts Φ = ± Ωt during the time interval, t. The result of the second pulse is that an excited state population grating is created in the frequency domain with a period (t + τ)-1 where t is the time interval between the pulses and τ is the duration of one pulse. Since there arc two sets of ions with opposite phase shifts, we formally get two population gratings, one with the phase Φ = + Ωt and one with the phase Φ = − Ωt. with respect to the population grating that is caused without an applied field.

Spectral Hole-Burning and Related Spectroscopies: Science and Applications•Jan 1, 1992•0 citations

Effect of a hybrid transition moment on Stark-modulated photon echoes in Er$^{3+}$:Y$_2$SiO$_5$

Rose L. Ahlefeldt, Alexey Lyasota, Smith, Jodie +2 more

The 1538 nm ${}^4$I$_{15/2}$ - ${}^4$I$_{13/2}$ transition of Er$^{3+}$ has an unusual hybrid electric-magnetic dipole character, and signatures of the hybrid moment can be expected in coherent transient measurements. Here, we investigate the effect of the hybrid moment in both sites of Er$^{3+}$:Y$_2$SiO$_5$ on Stark-modulated photon echo measurements, showing that it results in a reduction of visibility of the modulated signal as well as phase and polarization shifts. We interpret these effects using a simple optical Bloch equation model, showing that site 1 has a strongly mixed moment and site 2 is predominantly magnetic dipole. We discuss the implications of the hybrid moment for quantum information applications of quantum memories. We also use the echo measurements to extract the Stark shift of the optical transition along three orthogonal directions, finding values between 10.50 and 11.93 kHz/(V/cm) for site 1 and 1.61 and 15.35 kHz/(V/cm) for site 2. We observe a modification of the Zeeman shift by the electric field in both sites and discuss how this may be used to electrically control Er$^{3+}$ spin qubits.

arXiv:2306.12007•Jun 21, 2023•0 citations

Effect of a hybrid transition moment on Stark-modulated photon echoes in Er3+:Y2SiO5

Rose L. Ahlefeldt, Alexey Lyasota, Jodie Smith +2 more

The 1538-nm ${}^{4}{\mathrm{I}}_{15/2} \ensuremath{\rightarrow} {}^{4}{\mathrm{I}}_{13/2}$ transition of ${\mathrm{Er}}^{3+}$ has an unusual hybrid electric-magnetic dipole character, and signatures of the hybrid moment can be expected in coherent transient measurements. Here, we investigate the effect of the hybrid moment in both sites of ${\mathrm{Er}}^{3+}$:${\mathrm{Y}}_{2}{\mathrm{SiO}}_{5}$ on Stark-modulated photon echo measurements, showing that it results in a reduction of visibility of the modulated signal as well as phase and polarization shifts. We interpret these effects using a simple optical Bloch equation model, showing that site 1 has a strongly mixed moment and site 2 is predominantly magnetic dipole. We discuss the implications of the hybrid moment for quantum information applications of quantum memories. We also use the echo measurements to extract the Stark shift of the optical transition along three orthogonal directions, finding values between 10.50 and $11.93\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{kHz}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{V}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{cm}$ for site 1 and 1.61 and $15.35\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{kHz}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{V}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{cm}$ for site 2, dependent on the direction of the electric field. We observe a modification of the Zeeman shift by the electric field in both sites and discuss how this may be used to electrically control ${\mathrm{Er}}^{3+}$ spin qubits.

Physical review. B./Physical review. B•Nov 13, 2023•1 citation

Stark shift in Y 2 SiO 5 :Er 3+ by the photon echo beating method

V N Lisin, A M Shegeda, V V Samartsev +2 more

Abstract The coefficient of a linear Stark shift of the 4 F 9/2 – 4 I 15/2 transition of Er 3+ ion in Y 2 SiO 5 is measured (14.3 kHz V −1 cm) by splitting the upper and lower levels of the transition by a pulsed electric field and measuring the splitting frequency from the period of beatings of the temporal form of a photon echo signal (stark photon echo beating method). The linear Stark coefficients of Er 3+ transitions in Y 2 SiO 5 have not been measured before, and this is a valuable result for a number of applications such as gradient echo memory, group velocity control via spectral hole burning, etc.

arXiv:1809.09863•Laser Physics•Nov 22, 2018•3 citations
We measured the Stark coefficient for the (3)H(4)(1) ? (1)D(2)(1) transition of Pr(3+):YAlO(3), using the technique of Stark-modulated photon echoes. This gave a value of 58 kHz/(V cm(-1)) for the vector difference between ground-and excited-state electric dipole moments. The resolution with which Stark shifts could be measured in these experiments was ~500 Hz, which is more than an order of magnitude less than the homogeneous linewidth.
We report a spectroscopic method for precisely measuring the effects of very small energy-shifting perturbations such as the Stark effect, with subhomogeneous-linewidth resolution. This method combines the conventional 2-pulse photon echo or stimulated photon echo with an interferometric technique based on the manipulation of the optical phase of an absorbing species with the perturbing field. This is illustrated by the Stark effect on the 7^{7}7F0{\mathit{F}}_{0}F0​${\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}^{5}$D0{\mathit{D}}_{0}D0​ transition of Eu3+{\mathrm{Eu}}^{3+}Eu3+:YAlO3{\mathrm{YAlO}}_{3}YAlO3​, where we measure a Stark coefficient of 33.7 kHz/V ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ with a resolution of 1.9 kHz.
We describe and demonstrate a method for performing ultrahigh-resolution optical spectroscopy in the time domain which utilizes modulations in the intensity of the two-pulse photon echo in the presence of a perturbation that splits the optical transition frequencies of two or more subgroups of ions. The method is applied to a measurement of the pseudo-Stark effect in alexandrite and YAlO3{\mathrm{YAlO}}_{3}YAlO3​:Er3+{\mathrm{Er}}^{3+}Er3+. Stark shifts of \ensuremath{\simeq}100 kHz are observed, but the technique is capable of resolutions 10 kHz in some systems.
The photon echo is often the best technique for measuring ultra narrow homogeneous linewidths of an inhomogeneously broadened optical transition for which a higher spectral resolution than the laser bandwidth is required. Homogenous linewidths on the order of one kHz have been measured for Eu3+ and Pr3+ in different host materials at liquid helium temperature from the echo intensity as a function of the delay between the two excitation pulses. These linewidths arc three orders of magnitude narrower than the long term jitter bandwidth of the laser which was used for excitation.1 Here we present a novel spectroscopic method based on the modulation of a 2-pulsc photon echo or a stimulated echo by an externally applied field, for the accurate measurement of frequency shifting perturbations with sub-homogeneous linewidth resolution. This is illustrated by the Stark effect on the 7F0→5D0 transition of Eu3+:YAIO3. The basic idea is that two coherent preparation pulses create an excited state population grating in the frequency domain of an inhomogeneously broadened line, which then gives rise to the echo in the course of the free induction decay of the coherently prepared ions. Since the photon echo can be observed for pulse separations much larger than T2, it is possible to generate frequency gratings which have a periodic spacing smaller than the homogeneous linewidth.2 In the case of a centrosymmetric crystal there are two groups of ions with equal and opposite dipole moments. An applied electric field Es shifts the ground and excited state energy levels through interaction with the electric dipole moments of these states and hence leads to a linear frequency shift, Ω=δμ⇀⋅E⇀s/ℏ, for the two sets of ions in opposite directions, where δμ⇀ is the difference between the ground and excited state dipole moments. If the electric field is applied after the first pulse, the two sets of ions accumulate equal and opposite phase shifts Φ = ± Ωt during the time interval, t. The result of the second pulse is that an excited state population grating is created in the frequency domain with a period (t + τ)-1 where t is the time interval between the pulses and τ is the duration of one pulse. Since there arc two sets of ions with opposite phase shifts, we formally get two population gratings, one with the phase Φ = + Ωt and one with the phase Φ = − Ωt. with respect to the population grating that is caused without an applied field.
Effect of a hybrid transition moment on Stark-modulated photon echoes in Er3+^{3+}3+:Y2_22​SiO5_55​
The 1538 nm 4{}^44I15/2_{15/2}15/2​ - 4{}^44I13/2_{13/2}13/2​ transition of Er3+^{3+}3+ has an unusual hybrid electric-magnetic dipole character, and signatures of the hybrid moment can be expected in coherent transient measurements. Here, we investigate the effect of the hybrid moment in both sites of Er3+^{3+}3+:Y2_22​SiO5_55​ on Stark-modulated photon echo measurements, showing that it results in a reduction of visibility of the modulated signal as well as phase and polarization shifts. We interpret these effects using a simple optical Bloch equation model, showing that site 1 has a strongly mixed moment and site 2 is predominantly magnetic dipole. We discuss the implications of the hybrid moment for quantum information applications of quantum memories. We also use the echo measurements to extract the Stark shift of the optical transition along three orthogonal directions, finding values between 10.50 and 11.93 kHz/(V/cm) for site 1 and 1.61 and 15.35 kHz/(V/cm) for site 2. We observe a modification of the Zeeman shift by the electric field in both sites and discuss how this may be used to electrically control Er3+^{3+}3+ spin qubits.
The 1538-nm ${}^{4}{\mathrm{I}}_{15/2} \ensuremath{\rightarrow} {}^{4}{\mathrm{I}}_{13/2}$ transition of Er3+{\mathrm{Er}}^{3+}Er3+ has an unusual hybrid electric-magnetic dipole character, and signatures of the hybrid moment can be expected in coherent transient measurements. Here, we investigate the effect of the hybrid moment in both sites of Er3+{\mathrm{Er}}^{3+}Er3+:Y2SiO5{\mathrm{Y}}_{2}{\mathrm{SiO}}_{5}Y2​SiO5​ on Stark-modulated photon echo measurements, showing that it results in a reduction of visibility of the modulated signal as well as phase and polarization shifts. We interpret these effects using a simple optical Bloch equation model, showing that site 1 has a strongly mixed moment and site 2 is predominantly magnetic dipole. We discuss the implications of the hybrid moment for quantum information applications of quantum memories. We also use the echo measurements to extract the Stark shift of the optical transition along three orthogonal directions, finding values between 10.50 and $11.93\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{kHz}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{V}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{cm}$ for site 1 and 1.61 and $15.35\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\mathrm{kHz}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{V}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{cm}$ for site 2, dependent on the direction of the electric field. We observe a modification of the Zeeman shift by the electric field in both sites and discuss how this may be used to electrically control Er3+{\mathrm{Er}}^{3+}Er3+ spin qubits.
Abstract The coefficient of a linear Stark shift of the 4 F 9/2 – 4 I 15/2 transition of Er 3+ ion in Y 2 SiO 5 is measured (14.3 kHz V −1 cm) by splitting the upper and lower levels of the transition by a pulsed electric field and measuring the splitting frequency from the period of beatings of the temporal form of a photon echo signal (stark photon echo beating method). The linear Stark coefficients of Er 3+ transitions in Y 2 SiO 5 have not been measured before, and this is a valuable result for a number of applications such as gradient echo memory, group velocity control via spectral hole burning, etc.