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Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE

Fine spectroscopy of semiconductor atoms for controlling nuclear spins

Yasutomo Shiomi, Takeshi Yamamoto, Yuta Aoki, Hiroshi Kumagai, Ataru Kobayashi

Published Jan 11, 2008• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

We investigate optical properties of semiconductor atoms by absorption and emission spectroscopies. Each of 3PJ' - 3P°J transitions except for J'=0 (the total angular momentum of the ground state) is confirmed in broad emission spectra in a hollow-cathode discharge in which negative electrodes incorporate semiconductor atoms that are evaporated in the discharge. For finer spectroscopies, the 3P1 - 3P°0 cyclic transition for laser cooling of silicon atoms at 252 nm is investigated in absorption spectra with a single-frequency tunable deep-UV coherent light source, which has a high potential for controlling their nuclear spins.

DOI
10.1117/12.761085

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We investigate optical properties of semiconductor atoms by absorption and emission spectroscopies. Each of 3PJ' - 3P°J transitions except for J'=0 (the total angular momentum of the ground state) is confirmed in broad emission spectra in a hollow-cathode discharge in which negative electrodes incorporate semiconductor atoms that are evaporated in the discharge. For finer spectroscopies, the 3P1 - 3P°0 cyclic transition for laser cooling of silicon atoms at 252 nm is investigated in absorption spectra with a single-frequency tunable deep-UV coherent light source, which has a high potential for controlling their nuclear spins.
Summary form only given. Various atoms belonging to the elements of alkali metals, alkaline-earth metals, and rare gases have been cooled by laser since Haensch and Schawlow proposed laser cooling of atoms in 1975. The resonant frequencies for these atoms have been accessible with conventional lasers. By contrast, silicon atoms have not been the same case as these elements, while there are various potential applications such as atom lithography and atom holography. Therefore, we developed the light source for laser cooling of silicon atoms for the first time. The all-solid-state light source can radiate a continuous-wave and single-frequency coherent light at 252 nm whose linewidth is 11 MHz, which is narrow enough because the natural linewidth of the laser cooling transition is 29 MHz. Moreover, the deep ultraviolet output is stable, because the power fluctuation is less than 5%. Towards laser cooling of silicon atoms, we should know the accurate frequency of our light source. Therefore, we perform the optogalvanic spectroscopy of silicon atoms with a hollow-cathode lamp to set the frequency. In order to examine the performance of the silicon-hollow-cathode lamp, we demonstrated the spectroscopic experiment with the third harmonic coherent light of a ns Ti:sapphire laser, which provides 10 ns pulsed light with a 10 Hz repetition rate. Around 252 nm, we observed optogalvanic signals of neutral silicon atoms.
The open inner-shell electronic structure of lanthanides with large magnetic moments gives rise to a rich spectrum of transitions available for laser cooling, trapping, and coherent control. Despite this, the large number of ultraviolet (UV) transitions below 400nm have so far been rarely utilized in dipolar atom experiments. Here, we investigate multiple UV ground state transitions in dysprosium. Several of these UV excited states have the largest decay strengths to the ultralong-lived, low-lying first excited state which are comparable to the most commonly used strongest transitions found in dipolar atoms. Using two-dimensional shelving spectroscopy which improves detection sensitivity and provides a straightforward way to determine the hyperfine-isotope structure and excited state total angular momentum JJJ, we measure isotope shifts, hyperfine coefficients, and create King plots to determine their electronic nature. Such knowledge of these UV transitions which analogously exist in other magnetic atoms is important for optically populating the first excited state and can be used towards creating an optical clock, high resolution imaging in quantum gas microscopy, and probing lanthanide nuclei with enhanced Schiff moments in search of physics beyond the standard model.
Laser cooling techniques of silicon may be a powerful tool to create a new silicon road map. In the first step, to realize the laser cooling of neutral silicon atoms highly efficient frequency conversions are conducted to obtain a deep-ultraviolet single-mode coherent light using two-stage external cavities. The 154-mW power at around 252 nm is obtained with a conversion efficiency of more than 8% by doubly resonant sum-frequency mixing of 373-nm light from the first-stage conversion and 780-nm light from a single-mode Ti:sapphire laser. This paper reviews a series of challenges for taking possession of the spatial design of nuclear spins of the family of stable isotopes with laser cooling of silicon.
The project is focused on theoretical and experimental studies of the quantum coherence effects at the atomic and nuclear transitions in solids. The main results are the following. 1. Electromagnetically Induced Transparency (EIT) and all-optical writing and probing of quantum coherence in room temperature solids are demonstrated experimentally in the first time. 2. The method for coherent suppression of excited state absorption in laser crystals is suggested. It opens the prospects for realization of the variety tunable solid state lasers including UV and VUV ranges. 3. High-efficient THz generation by means of resonant three-level mixing based on EIT in solids is predicted. 4. EIT in gamma-ray range of frequencies at the nuclear transitions via the nuclear level crossing is demonstrated experimentally in the first time. 5. Slowing of the gamma-ray photons due to the absorption line doublet is demonstrated in the first time. 6. Modifications of the Mossbauer absorption spectra under the action of laser radiation demonstrated experimentally in the first time. 7. The method for suppression of the inhomogeneous line broadening of the Mossbauer spectra is suggested.