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Ultrafast Quantum Repeaters for Long Distance Quantum Communication

Liangxing Jiang

Published Jan 1, 2014• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We investigate and optimize three generations of quantum repeater protocols for long distance quantum communication, which can overcome the major challenges of photon loss and operational imperfections.
DOI
10.1364/cleo_qels.2014.ftu1a.1

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Despite the tremendous progress of quantum cryptography, efficient quantum communication over long distances (≥ 1000 km) remains an outstanding challenge due to fiber attenuation and operation errors accumulated over the entire communication distance. Quantum repeaters (QRs), as a promising approach, can overcome both photon loss and operation errors, and hence significantly speedup the communication rate. Depending on the methods used to correct loss and operation errors, all the proposed QR schemes can be classified into three categories (generations). Here we present the first systematic comparison of three generations of quantum repeaters by evaluating the cost of both temporal and physical resources, and identify the optimized quantum repeater architecture for a given set of experimental parameters for use in quantum key distribution. Our work provides a roadmap for the experimental realizations of highly efficient quantum networks over transcontinental distances.
Abstract The distribution of quantum entanglement is essential for quantum communication. Contrary to classical communication, the signal in quantum communication is impossible to copy due to the basic principles of quantum mechanics, i.e. , quantum state collapse and no-cloning theorem. However, the communication range is limited by inevitable photon loss. To counteract this issue, one can insert several repeater stations between two remote end nodes to divide the full distance into several shorter segments and successively operate entanglement swapping between adjacent repeater stations to enable long-distance quantum communication. Up to now, one can classify quantum repeaters (QRs) into three generations based on the methods of reducing errors resulted from photon loss and imperfect operations. In this paper, we will briefly review advances for each generation of QRs and discuss the advantages and challenges of each generation. Moreover, we also discuss some efficient proposals of building blocks to overcome the bottlenecks for QRs.
Quantum repeaters (QRs) provide a way of enabling long distance quantum communication by establishing entangled qubits between remote locations. In this Letter, we investigate a new approach to QRs in which quantum information can be faithfully transmitted via a noisy channel without the use of long distance teleportation, thus eliminating the need to establish remote entangled links. Our approach makes use of small encoding blocks to fault-tolerantly correct both operational and photon loss errors. We describe a way to optimize the resource requirement for these QRs with the aim of the generation of a secure key. Numerical calculations indicate that the number of quantum memory bits at each repeater station required for the generation of one secure key has favorable polylogarithmic scaling with the distance across which the communication is desired.
Quantum communication between two distant parties will serve as a cornerstone of the future quantum internet. However, generating enough entangled Bell pairs over long distances is a critical bottleneck. Although photons are ideal carriers of quantum information, overcoming photon loss and the exponential attenuation of signals remains a major challenge. We propose an all-photonic quantum repeater architecture that enables quantum communication over 1,000 km with an equidistant repeater spacing of 9 km. This repeater spacing is enabled by elementary entangled Bell pairs protected through the concatenation of continuous-variable and discrete-variable quantum error correction codes, namely, the bosonic Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill (GKP) code and the [[7,1,3]] Steane code, whose combination yields a synergistic improvement in robustness against photon loss. This architecture incorporates a new ranking criterion and a multi-reflection mirror-based optical cavity as a free-space photonic memory module, which we model in terms of its length and mirror-reflection efficiency. Additionally, we propose two heuristic construction methods for the elementary entangled Bell pairs. One method introduces up to two-qubit correlated errors within each logical qubit but requires a large number of GKP qubits, while the other allows up to three-qubit correlated errors within each logical qubit but requires fewer GKP qubits. To more accurately capture realistic physical conditions during photonic resource preparation, we include switching-induced imperfections in our simulations, in addition to other standard optical imperfections. In the presence of these imperfections, our realization requires only a few thousand GKP qubits per repeater station per protocol run, a resource requirement significantly smaller than the corresponding resource requirements of prior third-generation all-photonic repeater proposals.