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Physical Review A

Ground states of spin-2 condensates in an external magnetic field

Gong-Ping Zheng, Yunhao Tong, F.-L. Wang

Published Jun 25, 2010• 14 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The possible ground states of spin-2 Bose-Einstein condensates in an external magnetic field are obtained analytically and classified systematically according to the population of the condensed atoms at the hyperfine sublevels. It is shown that the atoms can populate simultaneously at four hyperfine sublevels in a weak magnetic field with only the linear Zeeman energy, in contrast to that in a stronger magnetic field with the quadratic Zeeman energy, where condensed atoms can at most populate at three hyperfine sublevels in the ground states. Any spin configuration we obtained will give a closed subspace in the order parameter space of the condensates.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.81.063633

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The possible ground states of spin-2 Bose-Einstein condensates in an external magnetic field are obtained analytically and classified systematically according to the population of the condensed atoms at the hyperfine sublevels. It is shown that the atoms can populate simultaneously at four hyperfine sublevels in a weak magnetic field with only the linear Zeeman energy, in contrast to that in a stronger magnetic field with the quadratic Zeeman energy, where condensed atoms can at most populate at three hyperfine sublevels in the ground states. Any spin configuration we obtained will give a closed subspace in the order parameter space of the condensates.
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We show that the classical dynamics underlying the mean-field description of homogeneous mixtures of spinor F=1 Bose-Einstein condensates in an external magnetic field is integrable as a consequence of number conservation and axial symmetry in spin space. The population dynamics depends only on the quadratic term of the Zeeman energy and on the strength of the spin-dependent term of the atom-atom interaction. We determine the equilibrium populations as function of the ratio of these two quantities and the miscibility of the hyperfine components in the ground state spinors are thoroughly discussed. Outside the equilibrium, the populations are always a periodic function of time where the periodic motion can be a libration or a rotation. Our studies also indicates the absence of metastability.
We show that the classical dynamics underlying the mean-field description of homogeneous mixtures of spinor F=1F=1F=1 Bose-Einstein condensates in an external magnetic field is integrable as a consequence of number conservation and axial symmetry in spin space. The population dynamics depends only on the quadratic term of the Zeeman energy and on the strength of the spin-dependent term of the atom-atom interaction. We determine the equilibrium populations as function of the ratio of these two quantities and the miscibility of the hyperfine components in the ground state spinors are thoroughly discussed. Outside the equilibrium, the populations are always a periodic function of time where the periodic motion can be a libration or a rotation. Our studies also indicate the absence of metastability.
We study the ground state and classify its phase diagram for a mixture of two spin-1 condensates in the absence of an external magnetic (B)(B)(B) field according to atomic parameters for intra- and interspecies spin-exchange coupling and singlet-pairing interaction. Ignoring the interspecies singlet-pairing interaction, the ground-state phases are found analytically. A numerical approach of simulated annealing is adopted when the singlet-pairing interaction is present. Our results on the phase diagram and the boundaries between phases allow for easy identifications of quantum phase transitions, which can be induced through the tuning of optical traps and atom numbers. They provide insight and guidance for several ongoing experiments on mixtures of spinor condensates.
Abstract We theoretically study a weakly interacting gas of spin-1 atoms with Bose–Einstein condensate in external magnetic field within the Bogoliubov approach. To this end, in contrast to previous studies, we employ the general Hamiltonian, which includes both spin and quadrupole exchange interactions as well as the couplings of the spin and quadrupole moment with the external magnetic field (the linear and quadratic Zeeman terms). The latter is responsible for the emergence of the broken-axisymmetry state. We also reexamine ferromagnetic, quadrupolar, and paramagnetic states employing the proposed Hamiltonian. For all magnetic states, we find the relevant thermodynamic characteristics such as magnetization, quadrupole moment, thermodynamic potential. We also obtain three-branch excitation spectrum of the broken-axisymmetry state. We show that this state can be prepared at three different regimes of applied magnetic field. Finally, we present the magnetic state diagrams for each regime of realizing the broken-axisymmetry state.
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