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Applied Physics Letters

Using quantum memory techniques for optical detection of ultrasound

D. L. McAuslan, Luke R. Taylor, Jevon J. Longdell

Published Nov 5, 2012• 19 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Quantum memories are inherently highly efficient and display low noise, making them particularly suitable for the optical detection of ultrasound. Here, we use an atomic-frequency-comb based quantum memory to demonstrate sensitive ultrasound detection, realising a 49 dB discrimination between the sidebands and the carrier. The method remains valid in the case of optically thin samples and thus represents a significant improvement over other ultrasound detection methods based on rare-earth-ion-doped crystals. Furthermore, we show that this non-destructive non-contact approach is also compatible with highly scattering samples and suggest its particular suitability for the real-time imaging of biological tissues.

DOI
10.1063/1.4766341

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Quantum memories are inherently highly efficient and display low noise, making them particularly suitable for the optical detection of ultrasound. Here, we use an atomic-frequency-comb based quantum memory to demonstrate sensitive ultrasound detection, realising a 49 dB discrimination between the sidebands and the carrier. The method remains valid in the case of optically thin samples and thus represents a significant improvement over other ultrasound detection methods based on rare-earth-ion-doped crystals. Furthermore, we show that this non-destructive non-contact approach is also compatible with highly scattering samples and suggest its particular suitability for the real-time imaging of biological tissues.
We present results of a novel and highly sensitive technique for the optical detection of ultrasound using the selective storage of frequency shifted photons in an inherently highly efficient and low noise atomic frequency comb (AFC) based quantum memory. The ultrasound ‘tagged’ optical sidebands are absorbed within a pair of symmetric AFCs, generated via optical pumping in a Pr3+:Y2SiO5 sample (tooth separation Δ = 150 kHz, comb finesse fc ~ 2 and optical depth αL ~ 2), separated by twice the ultrasound modulation frequency (1.5 MHz) and centered on either side of a broad spectral pit (1.7 MHz width) allowing transmission of the carrier. The stored sidebands are recovered with 10-20% efficiency as a photon echo (as defined by the comb parameters), and we demonstrate a record 49 dB discrimination between the sidebands and the carrier pulse, high discrimination being important for imaging tissues at depth. We further demonstrate detector limited discrimination (~29 dB) using a highly scattered beam, confirming that the technique is immune to speckle decorrelation. We show that it also remains valid in the case of optically thin samples, and thus represents a significant improvement over other ultrasound detection methods based on rare-earth-ion-doped crystals. These results strongly suggest the suitability of our technique for high-resolution non-contact real-time imaging of biological tissues.
The interaction of ultrasound and light in biological tissues results in a small amount of the scattered light being shifted relative to the carrier frequency (typically 1 part in 108). We have developed an inherently efficient and low noise quantum memory based technique to selectively absorb these ‘ultrasound tagged’ photons in a pair of atomic frequency combs, and recover them delayed in time as a photon echo. In this manner we have demonstrated record ultrasoundmodulated sideband-to-carrier discrimination (49dB). Further, we confirm that the technique is compatible with highly scattering samples, and present initial acoustic pulse tracking measurements. This strongly suggests the suitability of the technique for biological tissue imaging.
Laser interferometers used as ultrasound receivers provide an unprecedented technique for ultrasound imaging (USI), eliminating the need for mechanical coupling and freeing the system from environmental constraints. Despite these advantages, detecting low-frequency ultrasound waves remains a significant challenge in such systems due to the existence of intrinsic noise, which limits their applications in industrial inspection and marine surveying. Here, we develop an end-to-end noise suppression scheme that effectively extends the Fourier frequency range of ultrasound detection to approximately 35 kHz. Furthermore, we achieve quantum-enhanced USI with a 4 dB improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio and a 1.37-fold enhancement in imaging contrast compared with the case without squeezed vacuum states at the same power level. The expansion of the ultrasound frequency band and the improvement in detection performance are of great significance for the practical application of USI. In addition, this noncontact detection method can be applied to photoacoustic imaging, magnetoacoustic imaging, and other applications that employ interferometers as ultrasound receivers.
We describe theoretical and experimental demonstration for optical detection of ultrasound using a spectral hole engraved in cryogenically cooled rare-earth ion-doped solids. Our method utilizes the dispersion effects due to the spectral hole to perform phase-to-amplitude modulation conversion. Like previous approaches using spectral holes, it has the advantage of detection with large étendue. The method also has the benefit that high sensitivity can be obtained with moderate absorption contrast for the spectral holes.
We demonstrate the optical detection of ultrasound using spectral hole burning in a cryogenic rare earth ion doped crystal. The dispersion due to the hole is used to perform phase to amplitude modulation conversion. This method allows sensitive detection of ultrasonic displacements with the advantage of large étendue. This method is also attractive as it requires only moderate absorption contrast to achieve high sensitivity. We also describe a method for diode laser stabilisation using optical feedback through spectral holes which dramatically reduces the laser phase noise.
Quantum memories are a key building block for optical quantum computers and quantum networks. Rare-earth ion-doped crystals are a promising material to achieve quantum memory using an atomic frequency comb protocol. However, current atomic frequency comb memories typically use bulk materials or waveguides with large cross sections or rely on fabrication techniques not easily adaptable to wafer scale processing. Here, we demonstrate a compact chip-integrated atomic frequency comb in rare-earth-doped thin-film lithium niobate. Our optical memory exhibits a broad storage bandwidth exceeding 100 MHz and optical storage time as long as 250 ns. The enhanced optical confinement in this device leads to three orders of magnitude reduction in optical power required for a coherent control as compared to ion-diffused waveguides. These compact atomic frequency comb memories pave the way toward scalable, highly efficient, electro-optically tunable quantum photonic systems that can store and manipulate light on a compact chip.