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Physical Review A

Theory of a compound large-angle atom beam splitter. II. Initial state deflection

A. Zh. Muradyan, G. A. Muradyan, P. R. Berman

Published Dec 20, 2004• 4 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The theory of a compound, large-angle atom beam splitter [A. Zh. Muradyan, A. A. Poghosyan, and P. R. Berman, Phys. Rev. A 68, 033604 (2003)] is generalized to allow for initial-state deflection. Atoms are prepared in an initial state by an off-resonant standing-wave field and then subject to two-standing-wave fields that couple the initial state to a final state. By a proper choice of parameters, atoms in the initial state can be deflected or split as a result of the interactions with the fields. The role of relaxation is considered.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.70.065601

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The theory of a compound, large-angle atom beam splitter [A. Zh. Muradyan, A. A. Poghosyan, and P. R. Berman, Phys. Rev. A 68, 033604 (2003)] is generalized to allow for initial-state deflection. Atoms are prepared in an initial state by an off-resonant standing-wave field and then subject to two-standing-wave fields that couple the initial state to a final state. By a proper choice of parameters, atoms in the initial state can be deflected or split as a result of the interactions with the fields. The role of relaxation is considered.
A theory of an atom beam splitter is developed involving the interaction of standing-wave field pulses with $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$-type atoms. The beam splitter consists of two interaction zones, both treated in the Raman-Nath approximation. There is an initial, off-resonant field (or fields) that prepares the initial atomic state, followed by interaction with a pair of standing-wave field pulses. Using this configuration one is able to create a large-angle beam splitter with a significant suppression of unwanted momentum components. The roles of relaxation and a frequency chirp are investigated, as are initial conditions for which both ground states of the $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ scheme are prepared by the first field. It is shown that the scheme is rather robust against fluctuations of system parameters.
Atomic beam splitter needs for the practical realization of nano-scale lithography by coherent scattering of the atoms. We consider the different types of atomic beam splitters, which could be used for the creation of the space structures with nano-scale period. We concentrate to a few main schemes of an interaction between an atom beam and optical radiation, which can produce a large angle splitting of atom beam into only two main momentum components: multi Bragg scattering an atom wave packet in standing wave; coherent splitting by scattering of an atom wave packet in standing wave with modulated intensity, when the intensity of the standing wave changes harmonically. We discuss also the experimental possibility of an atom selection in internal states for obtaining of space periodical structure with high clearance.
Two recent experiments demonstrating novel atomic lenses—one using a free standing Fresnel zone plate and the other using an optical standing wave with large (40 μm) period—will be discussed. In addition, an experiment demonstrating the splitting of an atomic beam by the optical Stern–Gerlach effect will be described. In this effect, a beam of (two-level) atoms is coherently split into two paths by an exactly resonant optical field gradient, each path containing atoms in one of the two dressed states. The field gradient was derived from a large period standing wave, produced by bouncing a laser beam from a glass surface at grazing incidence. The experiments were carried out with metastable He atoms interacting through the 23S1to 23P2 transition with an optical field at 1.083 μm. The interaction times were significantly less than the 23P natural lifetime of 100 ns, so spontaneous emission played no role during the interaction.
We develop the theory of an atomic beam splitter in which a monoenergetic beam of two-level atoms is incident normally to a classical standing-wave light field. The incident atomic wave function can be split into two coherent components with transverse momenta \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}(2n+1)\ensuremath{\Elzxh}k using velocity-tuned resonances, where n is the order of the resonance. We discuss the cases of zero- and first-order resonances in detail, and show that the velocity-tuned resonances are renormalized due to a high-frequency Stark shift. Numerical results that display the effects of a finite momentum spread in the incident atomic beam are presented.
In this paper we review techniques to coherently split an atomic beam using the dipole force. We discuss the interaction of atoms with normal standing wave light field in the context of atomic beam splitters. The case where the atom enters the standing wave at a small angle such that Bragg diffraction and velocity selective resonances are observed is also considered. An alternative approach to realize a coherent beam splitter based on the optical Stern‐Gerlach effect is discussed. Finally we consider the interaction of atoms with a magneto‐optical potential formed by a polarization gradient light field and a static magnetic field. We show that the Stern‐Gerlach effect and the magneto‐optical potential produce a more effective beam splitting into states with high transverse momentum than diffraction from a normal standing wave.