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New Journal of Physics

Continuous variable multipartite entanglement and optical implementations of quantum communication networks

Yimin Lian, Changde Xie, Kunchi Peng

Published Sep 7, 2007• 15 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A variety of optical quantum information networks based on the multipartite entanglement of amplitude and phase quadratures of an electromagnetic field have been proposed and experimentally realized in recent years. The multipartite entanglement of optical continuous variables provides flexible and reliable quantum resources for developing unconditional quantum information networks. In this paper, we review the generation schemes of the multipartite entangled states of optical continuous quantum variables and some applications in the quantum communication networks with emphasis on the experimental implementations.

DOI
10.1088/1367-2630/9/9/314

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A variety of optical quantum information networks based on the multipartite entanglement of amplitude and phase quadratures of an electromagnetic field have been proposed and experimentally realized in recent years. The multipartite entanglement of optical continuous variables provides flexible and reliable quantum resources for developing unconditional quantum information networks. In this paper, we review the generation schemes of the multipartite entangled states of optical continuous quantum variables and some applications in the quantum communication networks with emphasis on the experimental implementations.
In parallel with quantum information systems based on single photons,optical quantum information science with continuous variables based on the quadrature components of optical fields is also developing rapidly.For this,multipartite entangled states of light are the fundamental resources.In this paper we first introduce the concepts and preparation of multipartite entangled states,then discuss the basic models of quantum computation with continuous variables and the progress in experimental investigations.
Quantum entanglement shared by more than two partites is the essential bases for developing quantum communication networks and quantum computation. The multipartite entanglement of continuous variables can be generated by distributing or combining squeezed states of light using linear optics. We experimentally obtained a tripartite entangled state of bright optical field by means of a nondegenerate optical parametric amplifier (NOPA) and optical beam-splitters. The NOPA is operated in the state of parametric deamplification by locking the relative phase between the pump laser and the injected seed wave to (2n+1)π, so the generated Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) beam for continuous variables is an entangled state of light with the quantum correlation of phase quadratures and the quantum anticorrelation of amplitude quadratures [1]. The output EPR beam consists of two frequency-degenerate optical modes with horizontal and vertical polarizations which are distributed to three parties with two linear beam-splitters. We have theoretically and experimentally demonstrated the three parties are in a tripartite entangled state with three-mode “position” (amplitude quadrature) correlation and relative “momentum” (phase quadrature) correlation [2]-[4]. The obtained GHZ-like state is a fully inseparable tripartite continuous-variables state violating the three inequalities used for the criterion of the inseparability [5][6]. The controlled dense coding quantum communication is experimentally accomplished by exploiting the tripartite entanglement. The three entangled modes are sent to a sender (Alice), a receiver (Bob) and a controller (Claire), respectively. The information transmission capacity of the quantum channel between Alice and Bob is controlled by Claire. The channel capacity completed under Claire’s help is always larger than that without her help.
Quantum entanglement is a fundamental resource for various quantum applications and generation of large-scale entanglement is a key quantum technology. In recent years, continuous-variable optical systems have shown promising results in this direction, thanks to deterministic generation and multiplexing via rich degrees of freedom naturally occurring in the optical system. In this paper, we review the generation and applications of multipartite optical quantum entanglement. We begin with a theoretical overview of how to represent and verify multimode continuous-variable quantum states and entanglement. Then, we discuss the multiplexing technique in time, frequency, and spatial domains, and their applications in generation of large-scale entangled states. Afterward, we review the current status and development of the basic technology used in the generation of multipartite quantum entanglement. Finally, we discuss the applications of large-scale quantum entanglement and possible future perspectives. Published by the American Physical Society 2024
We propose two types of quantum dense coding communication networks with optical continuous variables, in which a quadripartite entangled state of the optical field with totally three-party correlations of quadrature amplitudes is utilized. In the networks, the exchange of information between any two participants can be manipulated by one or two of the remaining participants. The channel capacities for a variety of communication protocols are numerically calculated. Due to the fact that the quadripartite entangled states applied in the communication systems have been successfully prepared already in the laboratory, the proposed schemes are experimentally accessible at present.
Tremendous progress in experimental quantum optics in recent decades has enabled the advent of quantum technologies, one of which is quantum communication. Aimed at novel methods for more secure or more efficient information transfer, quantum communication has developed into an active field of research and proceeds toward full-scale implementations and industrialization. Continuous-variable methods of multiphoton quantum state preparation, manipulation, and coherent detection, as well as the respective theoretical tools of phase-space quantum optics, offer the possibility of making quantum communication efficient, applicable, and accessible, thus boosting the development of the field. We review the methodology, techniques, and protocols of continuous-variable quantum communication from the first theoretical ideas through milestone implementations to recent developments. The review covers quantum key distribution as well as other quantum communication schemes that are suggested on the basis of continuous-variable states and measurements.