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Physical review. B, Condensed matter

Renormalization-group calculation of excitation properties for impurity models

Makoto Yoshida, Marisa Andreata Whitaker, L. Nunes de Oliveira

Published May 1, 1990• 121 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The renormalization-group method developed by Wilson to calculate thermodynamical properties of dilute magnetic alloys is generalized to allow the calculation of dynamical properties of many-body impurity Hamiltonians. As a simple illustration, the impurity spectral density for the resonant-level model (i.e., the U=0 Anderson model) is computed. As a second illustration, for the same model, the longitudinal relaxation rate for a nuclear spin coupled to the impurity is calculated as a function of temperature.

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.41.9403

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The renormalization-group method developed by Wilson to calculate thermodynamical properties of dilute magnetic alloys is generalized to allow the calculation of dynamical properties of many-body impurity Hamiltonians. As a simple illustration, the impurity spectral density for the resonant-level model (i.e., the U=0 Anderson model) is computed. As a second illustration, for the same model, the longitudinal relaxation rate for a nuclear spin coupled to the impurity is calculated as a function of temperature.
In this paper we introduce a new approach for calculating dynamical properties within the numerical renormalization group. It is demonstrated that the method previously used fails for the Anderson impurity in a magnetic field due to the absence of energy scale separation. The problem is solved by evaluating the Green function with respect to the reduced density matrix of the full system, leading to accurate spectra in agreement with the static magnetization. The new procedure provides a unifying framework for calculating dynamics at any temperature and represents the correct extension of Wilson's original thermodynamic calculation.
We present a technique for the calculation of dynamical correlation functions of quantum impurity systems in equilibrium with Wilson's numerical renormalization group. Our formulation is based on a complete basis set of the Wilson chain. In contrast to all previous methods, it does not suffer from overcounting of excitations. By construction, it always fulfills sum rules for spectral functions. Furthermore, it accurately reproduces local thermodynamic expectation values, such as occupancy and magnetization, obtained directly from the numerical renormalization group calculations.
The Anderson Impurity Model is a generic model to describe systems in which one or more energy levels are coupled to an electronic host. On the energy levels the electrons are subject to a Coulomb interaction. Possible applications of this model are magnetic atoms in a metal or quantum dot systems. Already for one impurity it displays very interesting physics including the well known Kondo effect. For two and more impurities the properties of the system in the local moment regime are determined by an interplay of the Kondo effect and the coupling between the impurity spins. Due to the interplay of multiple energy scales, this model poses a serious task for any computational tool. For a single impurity the model can be very efficiently treated using Wilson"s numerical renormalization group (NRG). Since the numerical effort of NRG calculations rises exponentially with the number of impurities, generically it cannot be applied to systems with more than two impurities. The functional renormalization group (fRG) has been very successfully applied to quantum impurity problems in the past. In this work it will be used to calculate the single-particle dynamics for Anderson-like quantum impurity systems in equilibrium. A comparison to NRG in the case of a single impurity will serve as a benchmark before systems with two impurities and quantum dot systems with two and three dots will be studied. The interplay between the Kondo effect and magnetic and orbital ordering will be investigated in these systems. Although the truncation in the presented fRG scheme is motivated by second order perturbation theory, it will be shown that fRG works also in those cases where perturbation theory fails. Generally it will turn out that fRG is capable of treating a broad variety of Anderson impurity systems within the same framework, including asymmetric impurity levels and interaction between multiple impurities.
For a given quantum impurity model, Wilson's numerical renormalization group (NRG) naturally defines a NRG Hamiltonian whose exact eigenstates and eigenenergies are obtainable. We give exact expressions for the free energy, static, as well as dynamical quantities of the NRG Hamiltonian. The dynamical spectral function from this approach contains full excitations including intra- and intershell excitations. For the spin-boson model, we compare the spectral function obtained from the present method and the full density matrix (FDM) method, showing that while both guarantee rigorous sum rule, the full excitation approach avoids the causality problem of FDM method.
The unusual low temperature behaviour of metals and metal alloys, such as heavy fermion systems, Mott insulators and unconventional superconductors, has been a central topic of scientific investigation for over half a century. Due to strong correlations between the many particles, the solution to most theoretical models of these systems is difficult because standard perturbation methods break down. In certain cases, non-perturbative renormalization group approaches can be used to access the low energy behaviour and take into account the effects of strong correlations. However, these methods do not work for several important and interesting classes of model. These include lattice models with finite dimension, models with impurities of high degeneracy and steady state transport through quantum dots. The aim of this thesis is therefore to develop a new and general renormalization group approach that will lend itself to wide application in models where existing techniques fail. The method explored here utilises renormalized perturbation theory (RPT) in conjunction with scaling equations and collective excitations. It is tested on the single impurity Anderson model, the paradigmatic model used to understand magnetic impurities within a non-magnetic host metal. The Anderson model is simple yet exhibits interesting features due to strong correlation, such as a single renormalized low energy scale called the Kondo temperature. This model is also well understood as it has been solved using the numerical renormalization group (NRG), which provides ample numerical data against which this new technique is compared. Finally, a preliminary study is given for this method when it is applied to a wider class of models.
We present a new method for calculating directly the one-particle self-energy of an impurity Anderson model with Wilson's numerical renormalization group method by writing this quantity as the ratio of two correlation functions. This way of calculating turns out to be considerably more reliable and accurate than that via the impurity Green's function alone. We give results for the self-energy for the case of a constant coupling between the impurity and the conduction band and the effective arising in the dynamical mean-field theory of the Hubbard model. The implications of the problem of the metal-insulator transition in the Hubbard model are also discussed.