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Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE

Application of superconducting quantum interferometer in quantum computer development

Aleksander I. Golovashkin, А. Л. Карузский, A. A. Orlikovskiy, Vladimir V. Privezentsev, A. M. Tshovrebov

Published Mar 3, 2008• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Various variants of use high-sensitivity superconducting quantum interferometers (SQUID) in problems closely connected with development of a quantum computer are considered. 1.Hardware realization of a method of definition of midget concentration of the paramagnetic centers, based on measurement of their magnetization SQUID in a mode of modulation microwave saturation of magnetic sublevels is offered. The method will allow make testing of semi-conductor materials necessary for creation of a spin solid-state quantum computer. 2.The opportunity of application SQUID for reading a condition of the quantum register, based on the quantum-statistical mechanism, allowing registered a state of single spin, is considered. 3.The circuit super low noise the quantum electrometer, based on use SQUID is offered as a measuring instrument of magnetization of spin system in which exchange interaction is adjusted by potential on in parallel connected managing electrodes (on type a spin ensemble computer).

DOI
10.1117/12.801918

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•Nov 1, 1980•0 citations
Various variants of use high-sensitivity superconducting quantum interferometers (SQUID) in problems closely connected with development of a quantum computer are considered. 1.Hardware realization of a method of definition of midget concentration of the paramagnetic centers, based on measurement of their magnetization SQUID in a mode of modulation microwave saturation of magnetic sublevels is offered. The method will allow make testing of semi-conductor materials necessary for creation of a spin solid-state quantum computer. 2.The opportunity of application SQUID for reading a condition of the quantum register, based on the quantum-statistical mechanism, allowing registered a state of single spin, is considered. 3.The circuit super low noise the quantum electrometer, based on use SQUID is offered as a measuring instrument of magnetization of spin system in which exchange interaction is adjusted by potential on in parallel connected managing electrodes (on type a spin ensemble computer).
SQUIDs (superconducting quantum interference devices) have been in use for more than half a century and constitute one of the first macroscopic quantum devices. SQUIDs operating at millikelvin temperatures can act as qubits for quantum computers and the recent reports of more than 50 qubit circuits indicate how far the technology has developed. In this talk, the author will describe two other applications of SQUIDs as quantum detectors, focusing on single spin and single photon energy resolving detection. Most superconducting devices rely on tri-layer Josephson tunnel junctions which are not easily scalable to the nanoscale. We have developed a Josephson junction fabrication method, based on electron beam lithography or focused ion beam milling of a single thin film of superconductor (Nb generally) which can provide sizes down to 50 nm. These devices are particularly relevant for two main applications in quantum technology and metrology. First, by shrinking the size of the SQUID loop and the junctions to around 200 nm, the sensitivity of the SQUID for magnetization measurements is improved to the level where a single electron spin flip may be detected. This is possible at the relatively elevated temperature of 4K.  We are working with Surrey University to implant single magnetic ions within the SQUID loop to provide a platform to test this combination as the basis for a new form of qubit operating at higher temperatures than the conventional Transmon superconducting devices. A second SQUID based detector which we are developing is an inductive transition edge sensor device (ISTED) for energy resolving measurements of single photons. This is based on the development of conventional transition edge sensors where we detect the change of the penetration depth of a small thin film of superconductor when it absorbs a photon. In this way, a major source of noise in conventional TES may be avoided since the absorber remains in the superconducting state at all times. In this way we have demonstrated single photon detection at 633 nm with 0.1eV resolution at operating temperature of 7.5K.
Superconducting circuits are promising components for future quantum information technologies such as quantum computing, quantum simulation, and quantum sensing. Superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) and superconducting flux qubits can be used as a sensitive magnetic field sensor to detect local electron spin resonance (ESR). These types of sensor are characterized by good sensitivity and high spatial resolution for electron spins. In fact, we have achieved a sensitivity of 20 spins/Hz\sqrt{\text {Hz}}Hz​ with a sensing volume of 6 fl combining a flux qubit and qubit readout using a Josephson bifurcation amplifier. As a demonstration, we measured the ESR spectrum of erbium electron spins in a Y2_{2}2​SiO5_{5}5​ crystal and nitrogen vacancy centers in diamond. In both cases, we obtained reasonable electron spin parameters by fitting a simulation to the spectrum. In this way, we proved superconducting circuits to be promising magnetic field sensors for evaluating the properties of solid materials.
Abstract Superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) are made by a superconducting loop interrupted by one or more Josephson junctions. They are described in terms of a macroscopic variable, the magnetic flux, which shows quantum effects such as tunnelling through a potential barrier. Besides making up the source of a quantum state, SQUIDs also provide the instruments necessary for its probing: as a fact, SQUID based magnetometers have a sensitivity approaching the quantum limit. In this paper I will review the working principle of these devices and illustrate the system of SQUIDs realized in my group to test the quantum behavior at a macroscopic level.
Superconducting quantum sensors use flux quantization, the Josephson effect and low-loss microwave circuits to measure magnetic flux, microwave signals and photon flux close to fundamental limits. In this review we follow the field from the Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer theory and the discovery of Josephson tunnelling to SQUID magnetometers, microwave kinetic inductance detectors and quantum-limited parametric amplifiers. We explain how dc and rf SQUIDs, superconducting resonators, and Josephson and kinetic-inductance amplifiers work, and we describe one measurement chain that covers them all, with separate excitation, response, amplification, control and readout paths and a fluxlocked-loop variant for SQUIDs. Flux and field noise, noise-equivalent power, added noise, bandwidth and dynamic range are defined and compared using numbers taken directly from the primary literature, together with the conditions under which they were measured. We then survey applications in biomagnetism, astronomical imaging, qubit readout and dark-matter searches, and close with the open problems of scalability, environmental noise and fair benchmarking.
In the present paper, performance of nano-superconducting-quantum-interference devices (SQUIDs) has been investigated in view of their employment in the detection of small spin populations. The analysis has been focused on nano-SQUID sensors having a square loop with a side length of 200 nm. We calculate the spin sensitivity and the magnetic response relative to the single Bohr magneton (single spin), as a function of its position within the SQUID hole. The results show that the SQUID response depends strongly on the spin position; the ratio between the spin sensitivity evaluated in the center of the loop and the minimum one is as high as a factor of 3 for a spin at a reasonable distance z′ of 10 nm from the SQUID plane. Furthermore, the magnetic flux due to several hundred of spins has been evaluated by considering different random spin distributions within the SQUID hole. Due to the both nonuniform SQUID response and the random distribution process, the results show a statistical uncertainty which has been evaluated as a function of the spin number. The estimated informations are very useful to optimize the sensor performance in view of the most nanomagnetism applications.
The operation of a constant-current quantum interferometer with two Josephson junctions is studied in a system for measuring small changes in a magnetic field with low-frequency modulation of the magnetic flux. Idealized theoretical signal characteristics are found together with their dependence on the operating mode and parameters of a SQUID. These characteristics are used in Pt. II (ref. 12) to determine the minimal detectable change in the magnetic flux, which characterizes the maximal sensitivity of a SQUID.