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Physical Review Letters

Chaos in the Semiclassical N -Atom Jaynes-Cummings Model: Failure of the Rotating-Wave Approximation

Peter W. Milonni, Jay R. Ackerhalt, H. W. Galbraith

Published Mar 28, 1983• 214 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The problem of a collection of two-level atoms interacting with a single-mode classical electromagnetic field is considered. It is found that the model with an initial population inversion exhibits chaotic behavior that becomes stronger for higher atomic number density. The chaos is characterized by Fourier analysis and the maximal Lyapunov exponent. In the rotating-wave approximation, however, there is no prediction of chaos.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.50.966

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The problem of a collection of two-level atoms interacting with a single-mode classical electromagnetic field is considered. It is found that the model with an initial population inversion exhibits chaotic behavior that becomes stronger for higher atomic number density. The chaos is characterized by Fourier analysis and the maximal Lyapunov exponent. In the rotating-wave approximation, however, there is no prediction of chaos.
In the semiclassical version of the Jaynes-Cummings1 model without the rotating-wave approximation, an exact periodic solution has been obtained and studied for some specific values of the coupling constant and the detuning. It is shown that when the atomic frequency is equal to three times the cavity frequency and the coupling constant is arbitrary, the oscillation amplitudes are maximal. The Fourier spectrum of the inversion is discrete. As is known (see, for example, Ref. 2) chaos has been found for the semiclassical Jaynes-Cummings model.
The values of the characteristic frequencies in the Fourier spectrum for the semiclassical Jaynes-Cummings model in the case of a weak-coupling constant are found analytically and are also confirmed numerically. The rotating-wave approximation is not assumed. The sidebands of atomic and cavity modes occur at the characteristic frequencies and play an essential role in characterizing the Fourier spectra of chaotic behavior. The question of transition from nonchaotic to chaotic behavior is also studied.
The dynamics of an ensemble of two-level atoms moving through a single-mode lossless cavity is investigated in the semiclassical and rotating-wave approximations. The dynamical system for the expectation values of the atomic and field observables is considered as a perturbation to one of the following integrable versions: (i) a model with atoms moving through a spatially inhomogeneous resonant field, and (ii) a model with atoms interacting with a nonresonant eigenmode which is assumed to be homogeneous on the cavity size. We find the general exact solutions for both the models and show that they contain special solutions describing a coherent effect of population and radiation trapping. Using the Melnikov method, we prove analytically transverse intersections of stable and unstable manifolds of a hyperbolic fixed point under a small modulation of the vacuum Rabi frequency. These intersections are believed to provide the Smale horseshoe mechanism of Hamiltonian chaos. The analytical results are accompanied with direct computation of topographical maps of maximal Lyapunov exponents that give a representative image of regularity and chaos in the atom-field system in different ranges of its control parameters--the frequency detuning, the number, and the velocity of atoms.
The properties of a system consisting of two-level atoms interacting with a mode of the electromagnetic field in a cavity are considered for the case when the cavity detuning or the coefficient of the atom-field interaction is modulated. The consideration is performed with account taken of the Hamiltonian terms that are neglected in the rotating-wave approximation. It is shown that in the semiclassical equations for such a model, the effect of extension (compared to the autonomous system) of the range of variation of the quantity characterizing the number of photons can manifest itself; in this case, the energy oscillations have a chaotic character. The dependence of this phenomenon on parameters characterizing the model is studied. It is numerically demonstrated that with account taken for the relaxation, the system studied can have attractors different from the equilibrium positions, i.e., the number of photons in the mode does not tend to a constant value. The limits of validity of the rotating-wave approximation in the parametrically perturbed Dicke model are discussed.