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Optics Letters

Optical bistability in self-pumped phase-conjugate ring resonators

H. Jagannath, Putcha Venkateswarlu, Merin George

Published Dec 1, 1987• 7 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Bistable oscillations have been observed in BaTiO(3) pumped by a single-mode 30-mW (488-nm) argon-ion laser, which is used simultaneously as a ring passive phase conjugator (RPPC) and as a unidirectional ring resonator (UDRR). Strong oscillations in the UDRR increase the threshold coupling strength required for oscillation in the RPPC. The oscillations in the RPPC reduce the fanning in the crystal necessary for the startup of oscillation in the UDRR. Auxiliary resonators pumped by the RPPC are also bistable with the UDRR. Similar bistable oscillations have been observed when the crystal is used simultaneously as a RPPC and as a linear passive phase conjugator.

DOI
10.1364/ol.12.001032

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Bistable oscillations have been observed in BaTiO(3) pumped by a single-mode 30-mW (488-nm) argon-ion laser, which is used simultaneously as a ring passive phase conjugator (RPPC) and as a unidirectional ring resonator (UDRR). Strong oscillations in the UDRR increase the threshold coupling strength required for oscillation in the RPPC. The oscillations in the RPPC reduce the fanning in the crystal necessary for the startup of oscillation in the UDRR. Auxiliary resonators pumped by the RPPC are also bistable with the UDRR. Similar bistable oscillations have been observed when the crystal is used simultaneously as a RPPC and as a linear passive phase conjugator.
Kwang and Yariv(1) used a single domain BaTiO3 crystal to form a ring passive phase conjugator (RPPC) and auxiliary resonators pumped by a multi-mode Ar+ laser at 4880Å. The auxiliary resonators were bistable. Jagannath et. Al(2) from this laboratory, reported the operation of a unidirectional ring resonator (UDRR) in addition to the RPPC and found bistability between the two. They also observed a linear passive phase conjugator (LPPC) which is bistable with the RPPC. It was found that auxiliary oxci nations between the crystal and a mirror are bistable separately with the UDRR and the LPPC.
We report our observations of optical bistabilities and hysteresis1 in photorefractive passive phase conjugate resonators with BaTiO3, caused by grating erasure effects between two resonators in three different configurations. Bistable oscillations have been observed between two semilinear oscillators, two ring resonators, and also between a ring and a semilinear resonator. In the experimental arrangement used for bistability studies, a single-mode argon ion laser beam (4880 Å) entered the crystal in a face appropriate for self-pumped phase conjugation. However, the orientation is kept in such a way that no self-pumped phase conjugation is observable if none of the resonators is in operation. In this geometry, bistability and hysteresis were observed in the signal intensity of one resonator as the reflectivity of the variable beam reflector in the second resonator was increased and then decreased in a cycle. Bistability was also seen in the signal intensity of a single resonator as a function of the reflectivity of the external mirror.
Optical bistability and hysteresis in BaTiO3 have been observed in a self-pumped ring resonator (SPRR). The SPRR can be controlled with an additional He–Ne laser erasing beam that makes an angle with the ring pump beam. The erasing beam could be coherent or incoherent with the pump beam. By injecting the erasing beam into the crystal in such a way as to partially erase the index grating and/or take energy from the pump beam, the coupling strength is modified. In either case, the output of the ring shows bistability and hystersis in the complete cycle of the on-off-on operation by monitoring the intensity of the erasing beam. The intensity change and the time interval between each change step of the erasing beam have effects on the hysteresis behavior. The hysteresis observed when it is controlled by a coherent erasing beam is more than the one by an incoherent erasing beam. Some fluctuations exist in the hysteresis loop when the coherent erasing beam is used.
We demonstrate an optical flip-flop that consists of two unidirectional ring resonators that are coupled competitively through two-beam interactions in a photorefractive BaTiO(3) crystal. This crystal provides an active loss for each ring that depends on the oscillation intensity of the other. The coupled rings exhibit flip-flop bistability when the net gain, given by the product of the passive cavity losses and the gain, is greater than unity but is less than the small-signal active loss. The state of the system can be switched with an injected signal.
We report the observation of bistability in a unidirectional ring resonator that employs photorefractive barium titanate for gain and also for saturated loss. One photorefractive crystal provides gain via two-beam coupling in a conventional unidirectional ring configuration.1 A second crystal is arranged to couple light out of the resonator using two-beam coupling, thereby producing loss. The orientations of the two crystals are chosen so that the magnitude of the small signal loss is greater than the magnitude of the small signal gain. Thus the oscillation in the ring cannot build up from noise since there is no net gain. However, the pump intensity for the gain medium is made larger than that for the loss medium. This means that the loss saturates at a lower signal level. Hence, at large intensities, gain can exceed net loss so oscillation can occur.
A passive phase conjugate mirror based on four-wave mixing in an optical ring cavity is described. Unlike previously demonstrated passive phase conjugate mirrors it generates only one of its pumping beams by nonlinear optical interactions, the other being provided by feedback of the probe after transmission through the nonlinear medium. The results of a theory yielding phase conjugate reflectivity and oscillation thresholds are presented together with an experimental demonstration of phase conjugation in barium titanate and strontium barium niobate. The device is self-starting by four-wave mixing, and has an oscillation threshold lower than that of other previously demonstrated passive phase conjugate mirrors with similar ease of alignment. The operation of a device which generates nonconjugate oscillation beams is also reported.