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Journal of Low Temperature Physics

Adiabatic Melting of 4He Crystal in Superfluid 3He at Sub-millikelvin Temperatures

A. P. Sebedash, J. T. Tuoriniemi, Sergey T. Boldarev, Elias Pentti, Anssi Salmela

Published Jun 5, 2007• 10 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1007/s10909-007-9443-5

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This thesis describes experimental work on dilute mixtures of ³He in 4He, mainly at millikelvin temperatures. The isotopic helium mixture has the unique property of remaining a miscible liquid down to the absolute zero temperature. In the mK regime, it consists of two very different components: perfectly superfluid 4He, and a weakly interacting degenerate Fermi liquid of ³He, predicted by theory to undergo transition to the superfluid state at an extremely low temperature. To discover that transition, new ways of cooling helium mixtures need to be developed, as it is not likely that the conventional method of nuclear demagnetization of copper can be improved to reach helium temperatures notably below the temperatures of order 0.1 mK attained so far. \n Adiabatic melting of 4He in the presence of liquid ³He is probably the most promising method of cooling helium mixtures to microkelvin temperatures. It produces helium mixture colder than the initial temperature as a direct consequence of the mixing of the isotopes. The starting configuration is attainable by pressurizing liquid helium mixture to its solidification pressure at a temperature below some tens of mK, as only 4He then enters the solid phase. This thesis describes an experiment in which the method of adiabatic melting was, for the first time, realized at sub-millikelvin temperatures, where the superfluidity of the pure ³He phase enables, in principle, a drastic decrease of temperature. In the experiments, cooling from initial temperatures between 0.3 and 0.9 mK was detected, temperature reduction remaining below a factor of two for recognized reasons of a technical rather than fundamental nature. \n A capacitive differential pressure transducer, constructed for the experiment, was used for high accuracy measurements of the temperature dependence of the melting pressure of helium mixtures with several ³He concentrations. The melting pressure is suitable for thermometry and carries information on the interactions of ³He particles in the mixture. Also, the response of a quartz tuning fork immersed in helium was studied. Its sensitivity to the properties of the surrounding fluid was utilized to determine the saturation concentration of dilute ³He across the entire accessible pressure range. The tuning fork was found to exhibit a complex pattern of anomalies attributed to resonant modes of second sound, or concentration waves, inside its cylindrical container.

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Adiabatic melting experiment: ultra-low temperatures in helium mixtures

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Mixture of the two stable helium isotopes, 3He and 4He, is a versatile system to study at low temperatures. It is a mixture of two fundamentally different quantum mechanical particles: fermions and bosons. Bosonic 4He component of the dilute mixture is known to become superfluid at about 2 K, while superfluidity of the dilute fermionic 3He component has not yet been observed. The transition is anticipated to occur at temperatures below 0.0001 K (i.e. 100 uK). To reach such ultra-low temperatures, new cooling methods need to be developed, one of which is the main subject of this thesis. Current, well-established, cooling methods rely on external cooling, where a metallic coolant is used to decrease temperature in a liquid helium sample. Their performance is limited by rapidly increasing thermal boundary resistance. Our novel adiabatic melting method relies on internal cooling process, where both the coolant and the sample are same helium. First, we create a phase-separation in the mixture by increasing its pressure to about 25 times the atmospheric pressure. This solidifies the 4He component, and we ideally end up with a system of pure solid 4He and pure liquid 3He. The phase-separated system is then precooled by conventional methods, after which the solid is melted. This allows 4He to mix with 3He again in heat absorbing process, resulting in a saturated mixture with about 8% molar 3He concentration. In theory, the mixing can reduce temperature by more than a factor 1000, but external heat leaks and imperfect phase-separation reduced this to the factor 5-7 in this work. We study the performance of the melting method under various conditions, such as different melting rates, various total amount of 3He, and alternate configurations of the setup. We also developed a computational model of the system, which was needed to evaluate the lowest achieved temperatures, as the mechanical oscillators used for thermometry had already become insensitive. For it, we studied the thermal coupling parameters of our system, including thermal boundary resistances and 3He thermal conductivity. The lowest resolved temperature was (90 +- 20) uK, still above the superfluid transition of the 3He component of the mixture. We also present suggestions for future improvements for the setup.

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This thesis describes experimental work on dilute mixtures of ³He in 4He, mainly at millikelvin temperatures. The isotopic helium mixture has the unique property of remaining a miscible liquid down to the absolute zero temperature. In the mK regime, it consists of two very different components: perfectly superfluid 4He, and a weakly interacting degenerate Fermi liquid of ³He, predicted by theory to undergo transition to the superfluid state at an extremely low temperature. To discover that transition, new ways of cooling helium mixtures need to be developed, as it is not likely that the conventional method of nuclear demagnetization of copper can be improved to reach helium temperatures notably below the temperatures of order 0.1 mK attained so far. \n Adiabatic melting of 4He in the presence of liquid ³He is probably the most promising method of cooling helium mixtures to microkelvin temperatures. It produces helium mixture colder than the initial temperature as a direct consequence of the mixing of the isotopes. The starting configuration is attainable by pressurizing liquid helium mixture to its solidification pressure at a temperature below some tens of mK, as only 4He then enters the solid phase. This thesis describes an experiment in which the method of adiabatic melting was, for the first time, realized at sub-millikelvin temperatures, where the superfluidity of the pure ³He phase enables, in principle, a drastic decrease of temperature. In the experiments, cooling from initial temperatures between 0.3 and 0.9 mK was detected, temperature reduction remaining below a factor of two for recognized reasons of a technical rather than fundamental nature. \n A capacitive differential pressure transducer, constructed for the experiment, was used for high accuracy measurements of the temperature dependence of the melting pressure of helium mixtures with several ³He concentrations. The melting pressure is suitable for thermometry and carries information on the interactions of ³He particles in the mixture. Also, the response of a quartz tuning fork immersed in helium was studied. Its sensitivity to the properties of the surrounding fluid was utilized to determine the saturation concentration of dilute ³He across the entire accessible pressure range. The tuning fork was found to exhibit a complex pattern of anomalies attributed to resonant modes of second sound, or concentration waves, inside its cylindrical container.
Mixture of the two stable helium isotopes, 3He and 4He, is a versatile system to study at low temperatures. It is a mixture of two fundamentally different quantum mechanical particles: fermions and bosons. Bosonic 4He component of the dilute mixture is known to become superfluid at about 2 K, while superfluidity of the dilute fermionic 3He component has not yet been observed. The transition is anticipated to occur at temperatures below 0.0001 K (i.e. 100 uK). To reach such ultra-low temperatures, new cooling methods need to be developed, one of which is the main subject of this thesis. Current, well-established, cooling methods rely on external cooling, where a metallic coolant is used to decrease temperature in a liquid helium sample. Their performance is limited by rapidly increasing thermal boundary resistance. Our novel adiabatic melting method relies on internal cooling process, where both the coolant and the sample are same helium. First, we create a phase-separation in the mixture by increasing its pressure to about 25 times the atmospheric pressure. This solidifies the 4He component, and we ideally end up with a system of pure solid 4He and pure liquid 3He. The phase-separated system is then precooled by conventional methods, after which the solid is melted. This allows 4He to mix with 3He again in heat absorbing process, resulting in a saturated mixture with about 8% molar 3He concentration. In theory, the mixing can reduce temperature by more than a factor 1000, but external heat leaks and imperfect phase-separation reduced this to the factor 5-7 in this work. We study the performance of the melting method under various conditions, such as different melting rates, various total amount of 3He, and alternate configurations of the setup. We also developed a computational model of the system, which was needed to evaluate the lowest achieved temperatures, as the mechanical oscillators used for thermometry had already become insensitive. For it, we studied the thermal coupling parameters of our system, including thermal boundary resistances and 3He thermal conductivity. The lowest resolved temperature was (90 +- 20) uK, still above the superfluid transition of the 3He component of the mixture. We also present suggestions for future improvements for the setup.