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Journal of Low Temperature Physics

Superfluid 3He in the Zero-Temperature Limit

D. I. Bradley, S. N. Fisher, A. M. Guénault, R. P. Haley, G. R. Pickett

Published May 29, 2004• 5 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1023/b:jolt.0000029503.23955.5f

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A superfluid in the absence of a viscous normal component should be the best realization of an ideal inviscid Euler fluid. As expressed by d’Alembert’s famous paradox, an ideal fluid does not drag on bodies past which it flows, or in other words it does not exchange momentum with them. In addition, the flow of an ideal fluid does not dissipate kinetic energy. Here we study experimentally whether these properties apply to the flow of superfluid 3He-B in a rotating cylinder at low temperatures. It is found that ideal behaviour is broken by quantum turbulence, which leads to substantial energy dissipation, as was also observed earlier. Remarkably, the angular momentum exchange between the superfluid and its container approaches nearly ideal behaviour, as the drag almost disappears in the zero-temperature limit. Here the mismatch between energy and angular momentum transfer results in a new physical situation, with severe implications on the flow dynamics. Superfluids experience drag from container walls and dissipate energy because of quantized vortices and turbulence. Hosio et al. find that in a 3He superfluid at temperatures approaching absolute zero, friction with the walls disappears like in an ideal liquid, while energy dissipation remains finite.
Experiments have been performed at high B/T to try to establish the existence and value of an anisotropy temperature (Ta) for pure 3He, and for 6.2% and 0.7% 3He-4He mixtures. The anisotropy of diffusion in dilute Fermi gases as the temperature T goes to zero has been predicted, though experimental evidence for such anisotropy has not been universally accepted.\n\nFinite size effects have required careful analysis of the theory of the cell for the 6.2% mixture. This alters the result as determined by the usual Leggett-Rice formula. Further investigation, beyond the scope of this thesis, is currently underway for the case of pure 3He.\n\nThe possibility of using a quartz tuning fork as a viscometer has also been investigated. It is shown that tuning forks can be used field-inpendently above 3 mK in saturated 3He-4He mixtures, and to detect the superfluid A and B-phase transitions in pure 3He. It is strongly suggested from the data that the tuning fork has great potential as a high-field viscometer; however further experiments are required to fully appreciate its useful range, in both normal and superfluids.
This article reviews recent experimental and theoretical work on the mobility of negative ions in the superfluid A and B phases of liquid 3He. In the normal Fermi liquid at temperatures below ∼ 50 mK and also in the superfluid close to the superfluid transition temperature, Tc , the mobility of a negative ion may simply be considered as limited by the elastic scattering of 3He quasiparticles. This explains the constancy of the ion mobility in the normal phase. However, underlying the rapid increase of the measured mobility in the superfluid phases there is a subtle quantum-mechanical scattering effect. Detailed solutions of the 3He quasiparticle—negative ion scattering process in the pair-correlated state provide a simple physical picture of an energy-dependent forward-peaking phenomenon. This yields quantitative theoretical results for the ion mobility in the quasi-isotropic B phase and for the ion mobility tensor in the anisotropic A phase which agree with the experimental data.