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International Conference on Privacy and Security in Mobile Systems (PRISMS)

Security pairings using physical layer properties of wireless communications

Jani Suomalainen, Antti Evesti, Adrian Kotelba

Published May 1, 2014• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

New security solutions in the physical communication layer - secret key extraction from the radio channel and information-theoretic secrecy - protect confidentiality of communication without cryptographic establishment of secret keys. Unfortunately, they currently lack authentication. Cryptographic mechanisms are still needed to secure the first contact between previously unknown devices - to guarantee that security pairings are made as the user intends. In this paper, we contribute by analyzing how five different security pairing approaches can be realized or complemented with physical layer solutions. We propose new solutions for replacing the use of expensive crypto algorithms with secret key extraction. We note that information-theoretic secrecy solutions are less capable of surviving without cryptographic authentication. However, in some information-theoretic secrecy approaches, secure out-of-band delivery of channel state information can authenticate receivers.

DOI
10.1109/prisms.2014.6970593

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เกียรติศักดิ์ ใหม่เจริญนุกูล

As wireless networking has a wide range of applications, its security is an issue of concern. Encryption is traditionally the main route to secure communications. Nevertheless, this security solution may be difficult to implement in some modern wireless networks, e.g., ad hoc and radio-frequency identification (RFID) networks which require large-scale organization and low computational complexity, respectively. An alternative approach is physical-layer security, which leverages the physical properties of radio channels to achieve reliable data transmission without the need of secret keys. Since this kind of security emerged from the information theoretical characterization of secrecy, there has been great interest in secrecy capacity of various wireless channels. This paper provides an overview of such capacity for a single user.

Engineering and Technology Horizons•Jun 22, 2020•0 citations
New security solutions in the physical communication layer - secret key extraction from the radio channel and information-theoretic secrecy - protect confidentiality of communication without cryptographic establishment of secret keys. Unfortunately, they currently lack authentication. Cryptographic mechanisms are still needed to secure the first contact between previously unknown devices - to guarantee that security pairings are made as the user intends. In this paper, we contribute by analyzing how five different security pairing approaches can be realized or complemented with physical layer solutions. We propose new solutions for replacing the use of expensive crypto algorithms with secret key extraction. We note that information-theoretic secrecy solutions are less capable of surviving without cryptographic authentication. However, in some information-theoretic secrecy approaches, secure out-of-band delivery of channel state information can authenticate receivers.
This paper provides a comprehensive review of the domain of physical layer security in multiuser wireless networks. The essential premise of physical layer security is to enable the exchange of confidential messages over a wireless medium in the presence of unauthorized eavesdroppers, without relying on higher-layer encryption. This can be achieved primarily in two ways: without the need for a secret key by intelligently designing transmit coding strategies, or by exploiting the wireless communication medium to develop secret keys over public channels. The survey begins with an overview of the foundations dating back to the pioneering work of Shannon and Wyner on information-theoretic security. We then describe the evolution of secure transmission strategies from point-to-point channels to multiple-antenna systems, followed by generalizations to multiuser broadcast, multiple-access, interference, and relay networks. Secret-key generation and establishment protocols based on physical layer mechanisms are subsequently covered. Approaches for secrecy based on channel coding design are then examined, along with a description of inter-disciplinary approaches based on game theory and stochastic geometry. The associated problem of physical layer message authentication is also briefly introduced. The survey concludes with observations on potential research directions in this area.
The open nature of radio propagation enables ubiquitous wireless communication. This allows for seamless data transmission. However, unauthorized users may pose a threat to the security of the data being transmitted to authorized users. This gives rise to network vulnerabilities such as hacking, eavesdropping, and jamming of the transmitted information. Physical layer security (PLS) has been identified as one of the promising security approaches to safeguard the transmission from eavesdroppers in a wireless network. It is an alternative to the computationally demanding and complex cryptographic algorithms and techniques. PLS has continually received exponential research interest owing to the possibility of exploiting the characteristics of the wireless channel. One of the main characteristics includes the random nature of the transmission channel. The aforesaid nature makes it possible for confidential and authentic signal transmission between the sender and the receiver in the physical layer. We start by introducing the basic theories of PLS, including the wiretap channel, information-theoretic security, and a brief discussion of the cryptography security technique. Furthermore, an overview of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication is provided. The main focus of our review is based on the existing key-less PLS optimization techniques, their limitations, and challenges. The paper also looks into the promising key research areas in addressing these shortfalls. Lastly, a comprehensive overview of some of the recent PLS research in 5G and 6G technologies of wireless communication networks is provided.
The wireless medium offers many opportunities for broadcast communications. However, it also opens the possibility for attackers to eavesdrop the broadcast data or to pretend to be another node or device. These two attacks define the protection goals, namely, confidentiality and authenticity. Traditionally, both are solved by cryptographic approaches exploiting knowledge available in the surrounding infrastructure. The novel communication paradigms for the Internet of Things or cyber-physical systems do not scale with the standard cryptographic approach. Instead it is possible to exploit properties of the underlying physical channel to provide countermeasures against eavesdropping and impersonation attacks. Thereby, the random fading channel induces uncertainty which is detrimental but at the same time also helpful. In this paper, we review and describe a generalized model for physical-layer-based confidential data transmission and wireless authentication. A key role is played by the channel uncertainty and available design dimensions such as time, frequency, and space. We show that wireless authentication and secret-key generation can work in multicarrier and multiple-antenna systems and explain how even outdated channel state information can help to increase the available secure degrees of freedom. This survey focuses on the system design of wireless physical-layer confidentiality and authenticity under channel uncertainty. The insights could lead to a design of practical systems which are preparing the ground for confidentiality and authenticity already on the physical layer of the communication protocol stack.
Physical layer security is emerging as a promising means of ensuring secrecy in wireless communications. The key idea is to exploit the characteristics of wireless channels such as fading or noise to transmit a message from the source to the intended receiver while keeping this message confidential from eavesdroppers. Topics covered in Trusted Communications with Physical Layer Security for 5G and Beyond include secrecy metrics for physical layer security over fading channels; trusted wireless communications with spatial multiplexing; directional modulation enabled physical layer wireless security; secure waveform for 5G systems; confidential and energy efficient communications using physical layer security; secure data networks with channel uncertainty; antenna selection strategies for wiretap channels; physical layer security for massive MIMO systems, millimeter wave cellular networks, non-orthogonal multiple access, multiuser relay networks, cognitive radio networks, MIMOME-OFDM systems; wirelessly powered communication systems and D2D-enabled cellular networks; and security solutions and applications at the physical layer, including case studies of secret key generation and secrecy coding in communication nodes and terminals.
Information theoretic approaches to security have been examined as a promising complement to current cryptographic techniques. Such information theoretic approaches establish reliable communication and data confidentiality directly at the physical layer of a communication network by taking the properties of the noisy channel into account leading to unconditional security regardless of the computational capabilities of eavesdroppers. The provision of accurate channel state information is a major challenge particularly in wireless communication systems, especially information about the channels to eavesdroppers. In addition, there might be malevolent adversaries who jam or influence the channel of the legitimate users. This paper surveys different models for secure communication under channel uncertainty and adversarial attacks and reviews the corresponding secrecy capacity results, which characterize the maximum rate at which information can be sent to legitimate receivers while being kept perfectly security from eavesdroppers.
As wireless networking has a wide range of applications, its security is an issue of concern. Encryption is traditionally the main route to secure communications. Nevertheless, this security solution may be difficult to implement in some modern wireless networks, e.g., ad hoc and radio-frequency identification (RFID) networks which require large-scale organization and low computational complexity, respectively. An alternative approach is physical-layer security, which leverages the physical properties of radio channels to achieve reliable data transmission without the need of secret keys. Since this kind of security emerged from the information theoretical characterization of secrecy, there has been great interest in secrecy capacity of various wireless channels. This paper provides an overview of such capacity for a single user.