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Physical Review A

Atom trapping in nondissipative optical lattices

Brian P. Anderson, T. L. Gustavson, Mark A. Kasevich

Published Jun 1, 1996• 53 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Laser-cooled $^{7}\mathrm{Li}$ atoms have been confined in three-dimensional spatially periodic potentials that are nearly conservative. The potentials were formed from the intersection of four laser beams far-detuned from the optical resonance. By adjusting the relative orientations of the beams, lattices with primitive translation vectors larger than the laser light wavelength were created. We achieved an effective temperature of \ensuremath{\sim}80 \ensuremath{\mu}K through adiabatic reduction of the confining potential strength, and prepared ensembles with effective temperatures of \ensuremath{\sim}1.8 \ensuremath{\mu}K by initially confining atoms in weak potentials.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.53.r3727

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Laser-cooled 7Li^{7}\mathrm{Li}7Li atoms have been confined in three-dimensional spatially periodic potentials that are nearly conservative. The potentials were formed from the intersection of four laser beams far-detuned from the optical resonance. By adjusting the relative orientations of the beams, lattices with primitive translation vectors larger than the laser light wavelength were created. We achieved an effective temperature of \ensuremath{\sim}80 \ensuremath{\mu}K through adiabatic reduction of the confining potential strength, and prepared ensembles with effective temperatures of \ensuremath{\sim}1.8 \ensuremath{\mu}K by initially confining atoms in weak potentials.
We report a way to overcome heating due to the reabsorption of scattered light when relatively many atoms are laser cooled at high density. A sample of $8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{7}\mathrm{Cs}$ atoms, with $6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{11}{\mathrm{atoms}\mathrm{}\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3},$ is loaded into a deep far-detuned one-dimensional optical lattice, which acts as a large volume three-dimensional (3D) trap. Polarization gradient cooling with a separate set of cooling beams is found to work well in this trap, populating the trap's vibrational ground state with more than half the atoms. After cooling, the lattice is shut off adiabatically, leaving a still dense sample at 1.2 \ensuremath{\mu}K. We propose and demonstrate a generalization to a 3D lattice, which will allow many more atoms to be loaded into conservative light traps, and can greatly increase the initial phase-space density for loading magnetic traps.
Sideband laser cooling using stimulated Raman transitions is performed on trapped cesium atoms. The confinement is produced by a far–off-resonance dipole trap consisting of two crossed YAG beams which, by interference, create a one-dimensional optical lattice. In a pure intensity lattice, we measure a 1D temperature of T = 6 μK corresponding to a mean quantum vibrational number of about ⟨ n v ⟩ = 0.75. In a polarization gradient lattice, the final temperature is T = 3.6 μK corresponding to ⟨ n v ⟩ ≃ 2.4.
Sideband laser cooling using stimulated Raman transitions is performed on trapped cesium atoms. The confinement is produced by a far–off-resonance dipole trap consisting of two crossed YAG beams which, by interference, create a one-dimensional optical lattice. In a pure intensity lattice, we measure a 1D temperature of T = 6 μK corresponding to a mean quantum vibrational number of about nv = 0.75. In a polarization gradient lattice, the final temperature is T = 3.6 μK corresponding to nv 2.4.
Cold atoms in optical lattices are an ideal test bed to explore ratchet physics. This is largely due to the extreme tunability of optical lattice systems, which allows one to precisely control the shape of the potential and of any applied force, as well as to vary at will the level of dissipation. Since the very first demonstration of directed motion in a cold atom system by Mennerat-Robilliard et al. (1999), a number of experimental investigations with cold atoms in optical lattices have explored different aspects of the physics of ratchets. Here, the focus is first on the experiments in the classical regime which explored the relationship between symmetry and transport in a.c. driven ratchets. Experiments in the full quantum Hamiltonian regime are then described, and the unique features of such a regime highlighted. Ratchets in dissipative optical lattices Dissipative optical lattices Optical lattices are periodic potentials for atoms created by the interference of two or more laser fields.The detuning between the laser fields and the nearest atomic transition will emerge as a key parameter to describe the light–atom interaction. It is thus important to distinguish two very different situations: the case of fardetuned laser fields, and the case of near-resonant laser fields. For far-detuned laser fields, a purely conservative potential is produced. As will be discussed in the following sections, far-detuned optical lattices are ideal to model Hamiltonian systems. In the case of near-resonant laser fields, the interaction between the laser and the atoms may lead, under appropriate conditions, to dissipative dynamics. That is, for an appropriately arranged set of near-resonant optical lattices, a dissipative optical lattice, is produced, where the set of laser fields produce at once the periodic potential acting on the atoms and the cooling mechanism, which decreases their kinetic energy and lead to the trapping of the atoms at the bottom of potential wells. The principles behind the cooling mechanism, termed Sisyphus cooling for reasons which will become apparent in the following discussion, can be captured by considering the minimal configuration of a one-dimensional optical lattice and a J g = 1 / 2 → J e = 3 / 2 atomic transition. This is the simplest configuration in which Sisyphus cooling takes place.