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Physical Review Letters

Nonadiabatic Geometrical Phase during Cyclic Evolution of a Gaussian Wave Packet

Y. C. Ge, Mark Sheard Child

Published Mar 31, 1997• 34 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The Gaussian wave packet solution to the Schr\"odinger equation is studied for time-dependent Hamiltonians. The geometrical phase is obtained for a cyclic wave packet solution of the generalized harmonic oscillator with a nonadiabatic time-periodic Hamiltonian. It is found that the geometrical phase is independent of $\ensuremath{\Elzxh}$, and is equal to one-half of the classical nonadiabatic Hannay angle. The Hannay angle is shown to be independent of the classical action and does not involve averaging.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.78.2507

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The Gaussian wave packet solution to the Schr"odinger equation is studied for time-dependent Hamiltonians. The geometrical phase is obtained for a cyclic wave packet solution of the generalized harmonic oscillator with a nonadiabatic time-periodic Hamiltonian. It is found that the geometrical phase is independent of \ensuremath\Elzxh\ensuremath{\Elzxh}\ensuremath\Elzxh, and is equal to one-half of the classical nonadiabatic Hannay angle. The Hannay angle is shown to be independent of the classical action and does not involve averaging.
We investigate the dynamics and geometric phases of a time-dependent singular oscillator. We construct certain Gaussian wave packet solutions of the corresponding Schrödinger equation, relate the latter with the classical equation of motion and explore the relationship between the associated quantum and phase angles. It is shown by a simple geometrical approach that the geometrical phase is connected with the classical nonadiabatic Hannay angle of the generalized harmonic oscillator. Our geometric approach is based on a rule for a 'natural transport' of the complex two-dimensional vector in the phase space and the results obtained are quite suggestive of similarities to the quantum mechanical two-state evolution.
In a recent paper [Y. C. Ge and M. S. Child, Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 2507 (1997)], by using a Gaussian wave function, Ge and Child presented a nonadiabatic relation between the quantum Berry phase and the classical Hannay angle for the time-dependent harmonic oscillator. In this paper, we present a perspective for this relation without the use of a trial wave function. In particular, an exact explicit formula for the cyclic evolution over the period T in the parameter space of action invariant is obtained; the $\ensuremath{-}(n+1/2)$ relation between the quantum geometric angle and the Hannay angle is rigorously established.
The geometric phases of the cyclic states of a generalized harmonic oscillator with nonadiabatic time-periodic parameters are discussed in the framework of squeezed state. It is shown that the cyclic and quasicyclic squeezed states correspond to the periodic and quasiperiodic solutions of an effective Hamiltonian defined on an extended phase space, respectively. The geometric phase of the cyclic squeezed state is found to be a phase-space area swept out by a periodic orbit. Furthermore, a class of cyclic states is expressed as a superposition of an infinite number of squeezed states. Their geometric phases are found to be independent of $\ensuremath{\Elzxh},$ and equal to $\ensuremath{-}(n+1/2)$ times the classical nonadiabatic Hannay angle.
The generalized time-dependent harmonic oscillator is studied. Though several approaches to the solution of this model have been available, yet a new approach is presented here, which is very suitable for the study of cyclic solutions and geometric phases. In this approach, finding the time evolution operator for the Schr\\"odinger equation is reduced to solving an ordinary differential equation for a c-number vector which moves on a hyperboloid in a three-dimensional space. Cyclic solutions do not exist for all time intervals. A necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of cyclic solutions is given. There may exist some particular time interval in which all solutions with definite parity, or even all solutions, are cyclic. Criterions for the appearance of such cases are given. The known relation that the nonadiabatic geometric phase for a cyclic solution is proportional to the classical Hannay angle is reestablished. However, this is valid only for special cyclic solutions. For more general ones, the nonadiabatic geometric phase may contain an extra term. Several cases with relatively simple Hamiltonians are solved and discussed in detail. Cyclic solutions exist in most cases. The pattern of the motion, say, finite or infinite, can not be simply determined by the nature of the Hamiltonian (elliptic or hyperbolic, etc.). For a Hamiltonian with a definite nature, the motion can changes from one pattern to another, that is, some kind of phase transition may occur, if some parameter in the Hamiltonian goes through some critical value.
The generalized time-dependent harmonic oscillator is studied. Though several approaches to the solution of this model have been available, yet a new approach is presented here, which is very suitable for the study of cyclic solutions and geometric phases. In this approach, finding the time evolution operator for the Schrödinger equation is reduced to solving an ordinary differential equation for a c-number vector which moves on a hyperboloid in a three-dimensional space. Cyclic solutions do not exist for all time intervals. A necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of cyclic solutions is given. There may exist some particular time interval in which all solutions with definite parity, or even all solutions are cyclic. Criteria for the appearance of such cases are given. The known relation that the nonadiabatic geometric phase for a cyclic solution is proportional to the classical Hannay angle is reestablished. However, this is valid only for special cyclic solutions. For more general ones, the nonadiabatic geometric phase may contain an extra term. Several cases with relatively simple Hamiltonians are solved and discussed in detail. Cyclic solutions exist in most cases. The pattern of the motion, say, finite or infinite, cannot be simply determined by the nature of the Hamiltonian (elliptic or hyperbolic, etc.). For a Hamiltonian with a definite nature, the motion can change from one pattern to another, that is, some kind of phase transition may occur, if some parameter in the Hamiltonian goes through some critical value.
The geometric phases of the cyclic states of a generalized harmonic oscillator with nonadiabatic time-periodic parameters are discussed in the framework of a squeezed state. A class of cyclic states is expressed as a superposition of an infinite number of squeezed states. Then their geometric phases are obtained explicitly and found to be $\ensuremath{-}(n+1/2)$ times the classical nonadiabatic Hannay angle. It is shown that the analysis based on the squeezed state approach provides a clear picture of the geometric meaning of the quantal phase.