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Journal of Mathematical Physics

On the Landau–Zener formula for two-level systems

Vojkan Jakšić, Jan Segert

Published Jul 1, 1993• 14 citations
Publisher

Abstract

It is shown that the transition probability between eigenstates of a time-dependent two-level system is given by the Fourier transform in the adiabatic parameter of a function determined by the Hamiltonian. Sufficient and necessary conditions for the transition probability between levels to decrease exponentially in the adiabatic limit are established. Our method involves a Paley–Wiener type theorem to study the Fourier transform of functions belonging to a Hardy class on a strip.

DOI
10.1063/1.530097

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It is shown that the transition probability between eigenstates of a time-dependent two-level system is given by the Fourier transform in the adiabatic parameter of a function determined by the Hamiltonian. Sufficient and necessary conditions for the transition probability between levels to decrease exponentially in the adiabatic limit are established. Our method involves a Paley–Wiener type theorem to study the Fourier transform of functions belonging to a Hardy class on a strip.
Abstract The Landau–Zener formula describes the diabatic transition probability of a two-level system under linear driving. Its rigorous derivation typically relies on sophisticated mathematical tools, such as special functions, Laplace transforms, or contour integrals. In this work, we present a derivation of the Landau–Zener transition probability using a fundamentally different approach via functional equations. By leveraging integrability, we prove that this transition probability satisfies a functional equation, whose solutions establish the exponential form of the formula. The coefficient in the exponent is then determined through a lowest-order perturbation calculation. This derivation is rigorous and does not involve any sophisticated mathematics. Our work provides insights into the origin of the exponential form of the Landau–Zener transition probability, and shows that the Landau–Zener formula can be viewed as a consequence of integrability, though the two-level Landau–Zener Hamiltonian itself does not satisfy the integrability conditions.
Abstract Three analytic solutions to the Schrödinger equation for the time-dependent Landau–Zener (LZ) Hamiltonian are presented. They correspond to specific finite-time driving paths in a bounded parameter space of a two-level system. Two of these paths go through the avoided crossing of levels, either with a constant speed or with variable speed that decreases in the region of reduced energy gap, the third path bypasses the crossing such that the energy gap remains constant. The solutions yield exact time dependencies of the excitation probability for the system evolving from the ground state of the initial Hamiltonian. The LZ formula emerges as an approximation valid within a certain interval of driving times for the constant-speed driving through the avoided crossing. For long driving times, all solutions converge to the prediction of the adiabatic perturbation theory. The excitation probability vanishes at some discrete time instants.
We consider the Landau-Zener problem for a Bose-Einstein condensate in a linearly varying two-level system, for the full many-particle system as well as in the mean-field approximation. Novel nonlinear eigenstates emerge in the mean-field description, which leads to a breakdown of adiabaticity: The Landau-Zener transition probability does not vanish even in the adiabatic limit. It is shown that the emergence of nonlinear eigenstates and thus the breakdown of adiabaticity corresponds to quasi-degenerate avoided crossings of the many-particle levels. The many-particle problem can be solved approximately within an independent crossings approximation, which yields an explicit generalized Landau-Zener formula. A comparison to numerical results for the many-particle system and the mean-field approximation shows an excellent agreement.
We consider the transition probability for two-level quantum-mechanical systems in the adiabatic limit when the Hamiltonian is analytic. We give a general formula for the leading term of the transition probability when it is governed by N complex eigenvalue crossings. This leading term is equal to a decreasing exponential times an oscillating function of the adiabaticity parameter. The oscillating function comes from an interference phenomenon between the contributions from each complex eigenvalue crossing, and when N=1, it reduces to the geometric prefactor recently studied.