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Europhysics Letters (EPL)

Wave Functions of Atomic Elliptic States

C Lena, Dominique Delande, J. C. Gay

Published Aug 1, 1991• 30 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The elliptic eigenstates of the hydrogen atom are the quantum analogs of the classical trajectories of the electron around the nucleus in the sense that they have the best transverse localization compatible with the uncertainty relations. The equivalence of the hydrogen atom with a harmonic oscillator provides us with a realization of the symmetry group and allows for the analytical study of the elliptic states. In particular we derive the 2D and 3D wave functions in a simple closed form.

DOI
10.1209/0295-5075/15/7/001

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The elliptic eigenstates of the hydrogen atom are the quantum analogs of the classical trajectories of the electron around the nucleus in the sense that they have the best transverse localization compatible with the uncertainty relations. The equivalence of the hydrogen atom with a harmonic oscillator provides us with a realization of the symmetry group and allows for the analytical study of the elliptic states. In particular we derive the 2D and 3D wave functions in a simple closed form.
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Until this point, we have been solving problems that involve just two states or are reducible to two-state problems. While we could examine a plethora of complex quantum phenomena, it is not sufficient to describe the behavior of electrons in atoms or how quantum particles interact with each other. That all changes now as we work to set-up the quantum mechanics of the atom. There is much for us to do before we get to the hydrogen atom. We start, in this chapter, with the simple harmonic oscillator in one dimension. We show how to determine the canonical commutation relation between position and momentum from the fact that atomic spectra have sharp lines and then move into describing free particles and free particles on a circle. We introduce two of our operator identities, the Hadamard lemma and the Baker-Campbell-Hausdorff formula and we revisit exponential disentangling, now for the symplectic group Sp(2). Then we show how to solve the harmonic oscillator energy eigenstates using operator algebra, discuss Heisenberg uncertainty, determine harmonic oscillator wavefunctions, and examine coherent and squeezed states. We end with a discussion of applications of the simple harmonic oscillator.
This chapter begins with the simple solution of the Schrödinger equation for hydrogen atom for which the energy value has been derived. The Bohr radius of H atom has also been computed. After this, this chapter provides the generalised solution of the Schrödinger equation for H atom/hydrogen-like species in which F equation, R equation, and T equations have been derived in a simple and lucid way. This chapter also deals with the Laguerre differential equation, Laguerre polynomials, Rodrigues formula for the Laguerre polynomials, Laguerre associated equation and its solution, associated Laguerre polynomials, Rodrigues formula for the associated Laguerre polynomials, and solution of the radial equation. It also provides normalisation of the radial wave function and complete wave function; for the hydrogen atom, hydrogenic atomic orbital; electron density of 1 s electron; mathematical background of shape of orbitals; the most probable distance of electron from nucleus of hydrogen atom, and average distance of electron from the nucleus of hydrogen atom. The end of this chapter describes the references and adequate computational problems (solved problems and question on concepts).