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Journal of the Optical Society of America B

Quantum Rabi oscillations in graphene

Enamullah Enamullah, Vipin Kumar, Upendra Kumar, Girish S. Setlur

Published Feb 11, 2014• 22 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Graphene has been theoretically shown to exhibit anomalous Rabi oscillations (AROs) far from resonance in addition to conventional Rabi oscillations close to resonance (classical light frequency matches particle-hole frequency). The ARO has been attributed to the pseudospin degree of freedom that is unique to graphene-like systems. In this work, we show the same phenomenon also occurs in the single-photon limit or even in a vacuum. This is to be expected for conventional Rabi oscillations; however, the prediction that AROs also occur in the single-photon situation means that this notion of ARO is robust and not an artifact of approximations. We also study collapse and revival of both conventional and AROs in response to a coherent radiation field and extract the collapse and revival times in both cases.

DOI
10.1364/josab.31.000484

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Graphene has been theoretically shown to exhibit anomalous Rabi oscillations (AROs) far from resonance in addition to conventional Rabi oscillations close to resonance (classical light frequency matches particle-hole frequency). The ARO has been attributed to the pseudospin degree of freedom that is unique to graphene-like systems. In this work, we show the same phenomenon also occurs in the single-photon limit or even in a vacuum. This is to be expected for conventional Rabi oscillations; however, the prediction that AROs also occur in the single-photon situation means that this notion of ARO is robust and not an artifact of approximations. We also study collapse and revival of both conventional and AROs in response to a coherent radiation field and extract the collapse and revival times in both cases.
We study the nonlinear optical phenomenon, Rabi oscillations in trilayer graphene in presence of an optical field in two different regime - close to resonance and far from resonance. Close to resonance means when the incident optical frequency is nearly equal to transition frequency. We find the Rabi frequency in both the regime - near to resonance conventional Rabi frequency (CRF) is obtained by an approximation well known as rotating wave approximation (RWA). Far from resonance, anomalous Rabi frequency (ARF), unique to grapheme, is obtained using an alternative of RWA called asymptotic RWA (ARWA), introduced by us for single layer graphene. The existence of anomalous Rabi oscillation (ARO) is attributable to a peculiar property of graphene, namely, pseudo spin.
In this work, we study the well-known phenomenon of the Bloch–Siegert shift, paying special attention to the change in the resonance condition of anomalous Rabi oscillations that are peculiar to graphene. The inclusion of frequency doubling (counter-rotating terms) in the conventional rotating wave approximation leads to a rather small shift in the resonance condition which forms the conventional Bloch–Siegert shift. In case of anomalous Rabi oscillations, however, band anisotropy caused by the inclusion of next-nearest neighbor hopping together with frequency doubling or the Rashba effect leads to a Bloch–Siegert shift which is quite substantial (in percentage terms, actually infinite), lending credence to the claim that the anomalous Rabi oscillation is sensitive to qualitative changes in the low energy band structure of graphene and as such is a useful indicator of the chiral massless Dirac fermion nature of quasiparticles in graphene.
When an atom is strongly coupled to a cavity, the two systems can exchange a single photon through a coherent Rabi oscillation. This process enables precise quantum-state engineering and manipulation of atoms and photons in a cavity, which play a central role in quantum information and measurement. Recently, a new regime of cavity QED was reached experimentally where the strength of the interaction between light and artificial atoms (qubits) becomes comparable to the atomic transition frequency or the resonance frequency of the cavity mode. Here we show that this regime can strongly modify the concept of vacuum Rabi oscillations, enabling multiphoton exchanges between the qubit and the resonator. We find that experimental state-of-the-art circuit-QED systems can undergo two- and three-photon vacuum Rabi oscillations. These anomalous Rabi oscillations can be exploited for the realization of efficient Fock-state sources of light and complex entangled states of qubits.
A theory of the nonlinear interaction between a single quantum dot (QD) and electromagnetic fields, accounting the QD-depolarization (local-field) has been developed. QD excitation by classical and quantum electromagnetic fields such as coherent state of light, Fock qubit and gaussian excitation has been considered. As a result, for the case of the QD illuminated by coherent states of light, we predict the appearance of two oscillatory regimes in the Rabi oscillations. In the first one, signatures of Rabi oscillations are found to be suppressed: the population inversion is negative and the conventional collapse-revivals phenomenon is absent, while in the second one the collapse and revivals are appeared, showing significant difference as compared to those predicted within the standard Jaynes-Cummins theory. Under the pulsed excitation, Rabi oscillation dynamics is found to be strongly depended on the input pulse area and duration.
Quantum Rabi oscillation in cavity quantum electrodynamics is at the very heart of the interaction of an atomic system with a single electromagnetic field in a resonator. It has proved a powerful tool to entangle the atom with the field in the case of an empty cavity (vacuum Rabi oscillation). On the other side, as soon as the field is macroscopic, its state seems unaffected and one observes the well-known phenomenon of classical Rabi oscillation which only affects the atomic populations. We propose to experimentally investigate the frontier between those two behaviours, when one has to take into account the fluctations of the photon number. In order to do so, we let interact circular Rydberg atoms with a microwave resonator in which a mesocopic field is injected (a few tens of photons). We observe a strong correlation between specific atomic states and the phase of the injected field, which is measured by a homodyne technique. Those correlations explain in an easy way all the standard features of quantum Rabi oscillations (especially the collapses and revivals). Moreover they allow for the preparation of atom-field entangled state as well as non classical Schroedinger cat like states for the field.