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Journal of Modern Optics

Mode-locked lasers applied to coherent interactions and phase measurements

Ladan Arissian, Jean‐Claude Diels

Published Oct 25, 2006• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Coherent interaction of mode locked lasers with 87Rb vapour is studied, for both two- and single-photon transitions. A ‘dark line’ is observed when the repetition rate of the laser is a submultiple of the ground state hyperfine splitting. The dark line resonance can be used for stabilization of mode locked lasers. Such stabilization has an impact on the development of sensors of extreme sensitivity. A new type of intracavity phase sensors is introduced: a purely optical accelerometer.

DOI
10.1080/09500340600898189

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•Jan 1, 2014•3 citations
Coherent interaction of mode locked lasers with 87Rb vapour is studied, for both two- and single-photon transitions. A ‘dark line’ is observed when the repetition rate of the laser is a submultiple of the ground state hyperfine splitting. The dark line resonance can be used for stabilization of mode locked lasers. Such stabilization has an impact on the development of sensors of extreme sensitivity. A new type of intracavity phase sensors is introduced: a purely optical accelerometer.
The coherent dark resonance between the hyperfine levels F=1, m F =0 and F=2, m F =0 of the rubidium ground state has been observed experimentally with the light of a pulsed mode-locked diode laser operating at the D1 transition frequency. The resonance occurs whenever the pulse repetition frequency matches an integer fraction of the rubidium 87 ground state hyperfine splitting of 6.8 GHz. Spectra have been taken by varying the pulse repetition frequency. Using cells with argon as a buffer gas a linewidth as narrow as 149 Hz was obtained. The rubidium ground state decoherence cross section for collisions with xenon atoms has been measured for the first time with this method using a pure isotope rubidium vapor cell and xenon as a buffer gas.
Summary form only given.We consider coherent dark resonances in Cs vapor cells where the effective interaction time between atoms and light is increased through the addition of a buffer gas or through a coating of the cell walls with siloxane. The light sources are two diode lasers phase locked at 9.2 GHz frequency difference, corresponding to the hyperfine splitting of cesium. The phase-locked loop eliminates difference frequency jitter and leads to resonances narrower than 50 Hz, which can be applied to various precision experiments.
Resonant interactions of a mode-locked pulse train with intracavity samples, namely rubidium-87 (Rb-87) vapor and Fabry-Perot etalon, placed inside a laser cavity are studied in the light of developing ultra-sensitive laser sensors to measure a small magnetic field and a minute change of index of refraction of a sample material, respectively. A Rb-87 vapor provides an opportunity for a compact high-sensitivity atomic magnetometer due to its accessibility by the standard laser sources and to the large ensemble magnetization. By employing the ultrasensitive interferometric technique utilizing the intracavity properties of a mode-locked laser, the performance of the Rb-87 magnetometer can be further improved. The fundamental properties of coherent interaction between a mode-locked pulse train and a Rb-87 vapor are studied in numerical calculations of 3 x 3 density matrix equations and the reduced wave equation, which are then examined in experiments. In particular, a coherent dark-state is created by the pulse train and is further enhanced by means of spectral shaping or polarization modulation of the excitation pulse train. Experiments performed inside a laser cavity show that the atomic coherence is still preserved due to the coherent nature of interaction between the Rb-87 vapor and the ultrashort pulses occurred within a short time scale compared to the atomic relaxation times, which results in nonlinear propagation of the pulses as well as an observation of the dark-line resonance inside the laser cavity. A Fabry-Perot etalon is a type of optical cavity and serves as a tuning element of the frequency of cw-lasers. By inserting a Fabry-Perot etalon inside a mode-locked laser, the cavity resonance modes are modified due to a coupling between the two cavities, which leads to unique temporal and spectral characteristics of the resultant pulse train and its frequency comb. Both the temporal and spectral properties of the pulse train are studied in detail in experiments as well as in numerical calculations. In particular, it will be shown that the coupling between low frequency modes from the laser repetition rate and high frequency modes from the Fabry-Perot pulse train can be exploited for a new interferometric technique to measure a minute change in the index of refraction of the etalon.