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Physical Review Letters

Nonlinear mixing of light-pressure forces in a three-state atom

Juha Javanainen

Published Jan 29, 1990• 22 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Nonlinear mixing of wave vectors present in the field driving a three-state atom may generate long-wavelength optical forces whose effect on the motion of the atom exceeds by orders of magnitude the influence of the forces familiar from two-state atomic models.
DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.64.519

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Supermolasses1 which holds atoms much longer than the ordinary optical molasses and inhomogeneities in the distribution of atoms in optical molasses2 are current cases of unexpected spatial properties of optically cooled and/or trapped atom clouds. As a speculative explanation, I put forward that mixing of the wave vectors of the driving light field which takes place on a multistate atom produces long wavelength optical forces, whose effect on the motion of the atom enormously exceeds the influence of the forces familiar from two-state atomic models.
A radiation-pressure force, changing only slightly within the wavelength of light (rectification effect), has been shown to arise in interfering fields. In a monochromatic field a rectified force (RF) has the scale of a spontaneous light-pressure force, and it is mainly a vortex one. In a bichromatic field the RF has the order of magnitude of the induced light-pressure force and does saturate in a strong field. The spatial RF structure can be either potential or rotational. The depth of the potential wells generated by the RF can exceed by several orders of magnitude the energy of the atom–field interaction, and it can reach 10 K and larger. A vortex periodic RF results either in regular rotating motion or in a random walk of atoms along the boundaries of elementary cells of the force field. Possible applications of the RF are discussed.
We develop a nonlinear theory of propagation of a monochromatic light wave in a gas of two-level atoms under the condition of inhomogeneous Doppler lineshape broadening, while considering a self-consistent solution of the Maxwell–Bloch equations in the mean-field approximation using a single atom density matrix formalism. Our approach shows a significant deformation of the Doppler resonant lineshape (shift, asymmetry), which depends on the atomic density. These effects are a consequence of only the free motion of atoms in a gas and is not associated with interatomic interaction. In particular, the frequency shift of the field-linear contribution to the transmission signal is more than an order of magnitude greater than the shift due to the interatomic dipole–dipole interaction, and the first nonlinear correction has an even stronger deformation, which exceeds the effect of the interatomic interaction by three orders of magnitude. The found effects caused by the free motion of atoms require a significant revision of the existing picture of spectroscopic effects, which depend on the atomic density in a gas.