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Journal of Optics B Quantum and Semiclassical Optics

Initial steps towards quantum control of atomic Bose–Einstein condensates

Seok Jin Choi, N. P. Bigelow

Published Sep 26, 2005• 4 citations
Publisher

Abstract

There exists a large body of experimental and theoretical work carried out on Bose–Einstein condensates (BECs) of dilute alkali atoms since their first creation some ten years ago. Much of this work, although not stated explicitly, involves exciting initial steps for the quantum control of coherent matter waves. In this paper, we shall discuss some examples of the experimental and theoretical work on BECs from the perspective of quantum control.

DOI
10.1088/1464-4266/7/10/031

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There exists a large body of experimental and theoretical work carried out on Bose–Einstein condensates (BECs) of dilute alkali atoms since their first creation some ten years ago. Much of this work, although not stated explicitly, involves exciting initial steps for the quantum control of coherent matter waves. In this paper, we shall discuss some examples of the experimental and theoretical work on BECs from the perspective of quantum control.
The observation of Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) in dilute atomic gases was the realization of many long-standing goals: (1) to cool neutral atoms into the ground state of the system, thus exerting ultimate control over the motion and position of atoms limited only by Heisenberg's uncertainty relation; (2) to generate a coherent sample of atoms all occupying the same quantum state (this was subsequently used to realize an atom laser, a device which generates coherent matter waves); and (3) to create a quantum fluid with properties quite different from the quantum liquids He-3 and He-4. This provides a test-ground for many-body theories of the dilute Bose gas which were developed many decades ago, but never tested experimentally.
Summary form only given. The experimental discovery of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute alkali atomic gases has revolutionized the field of macroscopic quantum coherence. Further, fundamental issues like symmetry breaking, collapse and revival of macroscopic wavefunctions can perhaps now be tested in an experimentally controllable way. A further step in the control and study of Bose-Einstein condensates (BEC) has been the creation of spinor condensates-BEC in different spin states-through optical confinement and has led to considerable theoretical activity.
The experimental realization in 1995 of Bose–Einstein condensation in dilute atomic gases marked the beginning of a very rapid development in the study of quantum gases. The initial experiments were performed on vapours of rubidium, sodium, and lithium. So far, the atoms 1 H, 7 Li, 23 Na, 39 K, 41 K, 52 Cr, 85 Rb, 87 Rb, 133 Cs, 170 Yb, 174 Yb and 4 He * (the helium atom in an excited state) have been demonstrated to undergo Bose–Einstein condensation. In related developments, atomic Fermi gases have been cooled to well below the degeneracy temperature, and a superfluid state with correlated pairs of fermions has been observed. Also molecules consisting of pairs of fermionic atoms such as 6 Li or 40 K have been observed to undergo Bose–Einstein condensation. Atoms have been put into optical lattices, thereby allowing the study of many-body systems that are realizations of models used in condensed matter physics. Although the gases are very dilute, the atoms can be made to interact strongly, thus providing new challenges for the description of strongly correlated many-body systems. In a period of less than ten years the study of dilute quantum gases has changed from an esoteric topic to an integral part of contemporary physics, with strong ties to molecular, atomic, subatomic and condensed matter physics. The dilute quantum gases differ from ordinary gases, liquids and solids in a number of ways, as we shall now illustrate by giving values of physical quantities.
For sufficiently low temperatures, a Bose gas experiences a transition into a Bose-Einstein condensate, characterized by a macroscopic occupation of the ground state of the system. The development of efficient cooling and trapping techniques for neutral atoms led in 1995, to the first observation of BEC in dilute alkali gases in 87Rb [1]. This remarkable achievement has been followed by BEC experiments in various other elements. The BEC has become during the last years, one of the most active and fruitful research areas of modern atomic physics, constituting an interdisciplinary field, which links atomic physics with various other research areas, like quantum optics, condensed-matter physics, and very especially nonlinear physics.
The realization of Bose-Einstein Condensation (BEC) in dilute gases of ultracold atoms has revolutionized quantum physics by offering an unprecedented platform to study quantum phenomena on macroscopic scales. Ultracold atomic systems, cooled to temperatures near absolute zero, exhibit collective behaviors governed by quantum statistics, coherence, and interactions. This article discusses the theoretical and experimental frameworks underpinning the formation of BECs, focusing on the trapping, cooling, and coherence properties of ultracold bosonic gases. Further, we delve into the role of quantum phase transitions, atom-atom interactions, and external field manipulation in controlling condensate dynamics. The implications of BECs extend into precision measurements, quantum simulation, and quantum computing, positioning them as a cornerstone in modern atomic and condensed matter physics.