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Applied Physics Letters

All-optical liquid device derived from negative nonlinear absorption effect in an erbium chloride solution

Yoshinobu Maeda, Yoshiki Akidzuki, Toshikazu Yamada

Published Oct 26, 1998• 6 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The dependence of the negative nonlinear absorption effect on the modulation degree and frequency was investigated in an erbium chloride solution using a 807.6 nm laser diode. The reverse-phased wave forms were obtained in the transmitted wave form for sample lengths greater than 6 cm. Though the reverse-phased wave form was observed symmetrically at modulation frequency of 0.1 MHz, they were asymmetrical at higher than 0.25 MHz. The effect has a characteristic which is almost independent of the state of erbium ions because it is formed by optical transitions of the inner shell of the erbium atom.

DOI
10.1063/1.122450

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Using a modulated laser diode, dependence of a negative nonlinear absorption effect on both the wavelength and the sample length was observed in an erbium doped yttrium aluminum garnet crystal which has a four-level energy structure. The effect was seen at wavelengths of 787.4 to 788.6 nm in excited state absorption spectra which showed a peak corresponding to the transition from 4 I 13/2 to 2 H 11/2 in Er3+ for sample lengths greater than 2.0 mm. An optical signal inverter which had a negative input-output characteristic was realized using the negative nonlinear absorption effect.

Japanese Journal of Applied Physics•Jul 1, 1996•23 citations
The dependence of the negative nonlinear absorption effect on the modulation degree and frequency was investigated in an erbium chloride solution using a 807.6 nm laser diode. The reverse-phased wave forms were obtained in the transmitted wave form for sample lengths greater than 6 cm. Though the reverse-phased wave form was observed symmetrically at modulation frequency of 0.1 MHz, they were asymmetrical at higher than 0.25 MHz. The effect has a characteristic which is almost independent of the state of erbium ions because it is formed by optical transitions of the inner shell of the erbium atom.
Modulation characteristics of a negative nonlinear absorption effect were investigated in 3 wt % erbium-doped lithium niobate using a 1530 nm laser diode. With a decreasing incident modulation degree, a reversed-phase waveform was obtained in the transmitted laser at modulation degrees smaller than 85% for a sample length of 14 mm. The reversed-phase transmitted waveforms were observed at modulation frequencies from 1 kHz to 10 GHz. The negative nonlinear absorption effect for 1.5 μm can be explained by considering an enhanced absorption model for a four-level system of the Er3+ ion.
The dependence of the negative nonlinear absorption effect on the modulation degree and frequency, the sample temperature, and the erbium concentration was investigated in erbium yttrium aluminum garnet crystals. With a decreasing modulation degree, a reverse-phased wave form was obtained in the transmitted wave form at modulation frequency lower than 1 MHz. However, the transmitted laser wave form was asymmetrical at higher than 5 MHz and the time-dependent characteristics agreed with the lifetime of the S3/24 level in Er3+. At temperatures lower than 77 K, the negative nonlinear absorption effect weakened because the number of phonons decreased due to low temperature. It is considered that the Er3+ concentration dependence for modulation frequency depends on the lifetime of the S3/24 level. It has been confirmed that a mechanism of negative nonlinear absorption can be explained by calculating the rate equations based on an analytical model for a five-level system of the Er3+ ion. Experimental results agreed well with the calculated values. It is suggested that the effect was due to stimulated emission from the S3/24 level to the I3/24 level.
An all-optical inverter derived from the negative nonlinear absorption effect was demonstrated in erbium–yttrium aluminum garnet crystals using 1.53 μm laser diode. The effect was obtained at wavelengths of 1532 to 1534 nm in absorption spectra corresponding to the transition from the I15/24 to the I13/24 levels in Er3+ for sample lengths greater than 1.0 mm. The reversed-phase transmitted wave forms were observed at modulation frequencies from 1 kHz to 1 GHz. The negative nonlinear absorption effect can be explained by considering an enhanced absorption model for a four-level system of the Er3+ ion.
Dependence of the negative nonlinear absorption effect (NNA effect) on modulation frequency was investigated in an erbium-doped lutetium aluminum garnet (Er:LuAG) crystal at the wavelength of 787.8 nm. When the intensity of the incident laser irradiated on Er:LuAG and Er:YAG crystals was wavy, those crystals were observed NNA effect that the transmitted laser intensity shows opposite phase of the incident laser at the wavelength of about 788 nm. The transmitted waveforms changed to the opposite phase of the incident waveform for modulation frequencies up to 1 GHz. For 1 GHz, the peak of the reversed-phase waveform was shifted by approximately 250 ps.
Using a modulated laser diode, dependence of a negative nonlinear absorption effect on both the wavelength and the sample length was observed in an erbium doped yttrium aluminum garnet crystal which has a four-level energy structure. The effect was seen at wavelengths of 787.4 to 788.6 nm in excited state absorption spectra which showed a peak corresponding to the transition from 4 I 13/2 to 2 H 11/2 in Er3+ for sample lengths greater than 2.0 mm. An optical signal inverter which had a negative input-output characteristic was realized using the negative nonlinear absorption effect.