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Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE

Resonant-tunneling solid state NMR quantum computer

Alexander V. Tsukanov, А. А. Ларионов, K. A. Valiev

Published Jul 23, 2003• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

A novel solid state quantum comptuer is discussed. Nuclear spins-qubits are the basic elements of quantum register, while single electron resonant transfer is used to obtain complex many-qubit gates. The electron's quantum dynamics analyiss shows the possibility of individual addressing in large registers. Planar and ensemble architectures are also proposed.

DOI
10.1117/12.517897

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A novel solid state quantum comptuer is discussed. Nuclear spins-qubits are the basic elements of quantum register, while single electron resonant transfer is used to obtain complex many-qubit gates. The electron's quantum dynamics analyiss shows the possibility of individual addressing in large registers. Planar and ensemble architectures are also proposed.
As an ensemble scheme of solid-state NMR quantum computers the extension of Kane's many-qubits silicon scheme based on the array of 31 P donor atoms are spaced lengthwise of the strip gates is considered. The possible planar topology of such ensemble quantum computer is suggested. The estimation of the output NMR signal was performed and it was shown that for the number N>=10^5 of ensemble elements involving L~10^3 qubits each, the standard NMR methods are usable. As main mechanisms of decoherence for low temperature (<0.1K), the adiabatic processes of random modulation of qubit resonance frequency determined by secular part of nuclear spin hyperfine interaction with electron magnetic moment of basic atom and dipole-dipole interaction with nuclear moments of neighboring impurity atoms was considered, It was made estimations of allowed concentrations of magnetic impurities and of spin temperature whereby the required decoherence suppression is obtained. Semiclassical decoherence model of two qubit entangled states is also presented. As another variant of the solid-state ensemble quantum computer, the gateless architecture of cellular-automaton with antiferromagnetically ordered electron spins is also discussed here.
A new NMR quantum computer scheme based on semiconductor nanostructures is discussed theoretically. We also propose using an infrared laser as a new independent instrument for manipulating qubits. Methods of single- and many-qubit gate realization are discussed. Resonant transfer of the electron to several quantum dots helps in implementing complex many-qubit gates. The energy spectrum of the spin-qubit system is obtained. This variant of a quantum computer is simpler to control and more coherent. The distance between qubits and hence the structural requirements are more achievable using modern nanotechnology.
The proposal of quantum information processing has shown us the first serious possibility, though still limited in applications, to break away from the traditional spell that has been binding integration scale and processing power for some time. The qubit (quantum bit), the basic element of quantum information processing, consists of a quantum two-level system that can be brought to a superposition by an external mean. Among the numerous possible two-level systems, various typical microscopic two-level systems such as nuclear spins and atomic states have been utilized first to demonstrate the realization of quantum calculation. However, to realize a scaled-up version of a quantum computing system consisting of hundreds of qubits, a solid state electronics version of it is considered to be indispensable. We demonstrate the first electronic control of 1-qubit achieved in a solid state device using a submicron electron device called a single-electron box, a small conductive box connected to the outside by a tunnel junction and a gate capacitor. The scalability of such a solid state qubit is considered to be a prerequisite for a practical quantum computer of the future.
Problems in realization of silicon-based solid-state NMR quantum computer with ensemble addressing to qubits are considered. It is presented the extension of Kane's scheme to ensemble approach version with strip gates. For the initialization of nuclear quantum states it is proposed to use the solid-state effect in ENDOR technique whereby the nuclear spins can be practically fully polarized or, that is the same, indirect cooled to the spin temperature less than ~ 1 mK. It is suggested the possible planar silicon topology of such ensemble quantum computer and shown that the measurement with standard NMR methods signal of L ~ 10^3 qubit system may be achieved for a number of ensemble components N >= 10^5. As another variant of ensemble silicon quantum computer the gateless architecture of cellular-automaton is also considered. The decoherence of quantum states in the ensemble quantum computers and ways of its suppression is also discussed.
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) provides an experimental setting to explore physical implementations of quantum information processing (QIP). Here we introduce the basic background for understanding applications of NMR to QIP and explain their current successes, limitations and potential. NMR spectroscopy is well known for its wealth of diverse coherent manipulations of spin dynamics. Ideas and instrumentation from liquid state NMR spectroscopy have been used to experiment with QIP. This approach has carried the field to a complexity of about 10 qubits, a small number for quantum computation but large enough for observing and better understanding the complexity of the quantum world. While liquid state NMR is the only present-day technology about to reach this number of qubits, further increases in complexity will require new methods. We sketch one direction leading towards a scalable quantum computer using spin 1/2 particles. The next step of which is a solid state NMR-based QIP capable of reaching 10-30 qubits.
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) provides an experimental setting to explore physical implementations of quantum information processing (QIP). Here we introduce the basic background for understanding applications of NMR to QIP and explain their current successes, limitations and potential. NMR spectroscopy is well known for its wealth of diverse coherent manipulations of spin dynamics. Ideas and instrumentation from liquid state NMR spectroscopy have been used to experiment with QIP. This approach has carried the field to a complexity of about 10 qubits, a small number for quantum computation but large enough for observing and better understanding the complexity of the quantum world. While liquid state NMR is the only present-day technology about to reach this number of qubits, further increases in complexity will require new methods. We sketch one direction leading towards a scalable quantum computer using spin 1/2 particles. The next step of which is a solid state NMR-based QIP capable of reaching 10—30 qubits.