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Physical Review A

Non-Abelian geometric effect in quantum adiabatic transitions

Alain Joye, Charles E. Pfister

Published Oct 1, 1993• 7 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We establish a formula for the probability of a quantum adiabatic transition between two permanently degenerate energy levels which do not cross. This formula corresponds to the non-Abelian generalization of the Landau-Dykhne formula that is valid for the nondegenerate case. It applies in particular in cases of symmetry-induced degeneracy, a typical example being the Kramer degeneracy.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.48.2598

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We establish a formula for the probability of a quantum adiabatic transition between two permanently degenerate energy levels which do not cross. This formula corresponds to the non-Abelian generalization of the Landau-Dykhne formula that is valid for the nondegenerate case. It applies in particular in cases of symmetry-induced degeneracy, a typical example being the Kramer degeneracy.
The adiabatic limit of the transition probability for two-level systems driven by real symmetric time-dependent Hamiltonians is considered. When the Hamiltonian depends analytically on time, the transition probability is governed, in simple cases, by a complex eigenvalue crossing point which is, generically, a square root branching point for the eigenvalues. In such a case, the transition probability is given by the Dykhne formula, the recently discovered geometric prefactor being equal to one. In this paper we deal with the general situation where the relevant eigenvalue crossing point is a branching point of order n/2, n>or=1, for the eigenvalues and a zero of order m>or=0 for the Hamiltonian itself. The analysis shows that the Dykhne formula must be completed by a novel prefactor which depends on both n and m. In particular, this prefactor can take the value zero, in contrast to the geometrical prefactor. We also consider the case where the transition probability is governed by N complex eigenvalue crossing points of different orders n j and m j , j=1, ..., N. The end result displays an interference phenomenon between the individual prefactors similar to the case of generic eigenvalue crossing points n j =1 and m j =0 considered earlier.
Using a comparison equation method rooted in the Landau-Zener model, we report results for the probability of transition and survival in two-state models for a crossing of levels having some width, to account for dissipation. The theory allows arbitrary forms for the state energies, their rate of decay, and coupling, subject only to the limitation inherent in the Landau-Zener class (coupling with infinite ``pulse area''). We show how the strong decay result of adiabatic elimination can be recovered, but with important restrictions as to its usability. We also confirm the validity of the well-known Dykhne formula for crossings of real energy levels, and use the new theory to extend the Dykhne result to a class of dissipative crossings we call pseudoreal. Finally, we examine the overall probability for transition at two successive crossings, as occurs in atomic collisions. Here, interference of the crossing states leads to oscillations in the transition probability with collision time. For slow collisions we find that even a modest level of dissipation heavily damps these oscillations, but at the same time enhances the average probability of transition.
Topological phases of matter became a new standard to classify quantum systems in many cases, yet key quantities like the quantum geometric tensor providing local information about topological properties are still experimentally hard to access. In non-Abelian systems this accessibility to geometric properties can be even more restrictive due to the degeneracy of the states. We propose universal protocols to determine quantum geometric properties in non-Abelian systems. First, we show that for a weak resonant driving of the local parameters the coherent Rabi oscillations are related to the quantum geometric tensor. Second, we derive that in a Landau-Zener-like transition the final probability of an avoided energy crossing is proportional to elements of the non-Abelian quantum geometric tensor. Our schemes suggest a way to prepare eigenstates of the quantum metric, a task that is difficult otherwise in a degenerate subspace.
We discuss adiabatic quantum phenomena at a level crossing. Given a path in the parameter space which passes through a degeneracy point, we find a criterion which determines whether the adiabaticity condition can be satisfied. For paths that can be traversed adiabatically we also derive a differential equation which specifies the time dependence of the system parameters, for which transitions between distinct energy levels can be neglected. We also generalize the well-known geometric connections to the case of adiabatic paths containing arbitrarily many level-crossing points and degenerate levels.
The full effect of adiabatically varying Hamiltonians on systems prepared in eigenstates of the stationary Hamiltonian often includes geometric Berry's phases. For degenerate systems these effects may result in transitions between distinct degenerate eigenstates that can be described in terms of a non-Abelian gauge potential. I demonstrate the explicit dynamic origin of such transitions between degenerate angular-momentum sublevels in an atom that is subject to collinear electric and magnetic fields that rotate adiabatically. The origin of the effects becomes clear when eigenstates of the total Hamiltonian, which includes the rotating fields, are calculated. The total Hamiltonian removes the degeneracy, and the eigenstates are in some cases linear combinations of the angular-momentum sublevels. Thus a system prepared in a specific sublevel may not remain in that sublevel, and the transition probability is exactly that given by an analysis of the geometric phase.