Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

Physical Review

Ising-Model Critical Indices below the Critical Temperature

George Allen Baker Jr., David S. Gaunt

Published Mar 10, 1967• 74 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We review the estimates for the critical indices of the Ising model below ${T}_{C}$ and conclude (for 3 dimensions): ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{\ensuremath{'}}=0.066_{\ensuremath{-}0.04}^{}{}_{}{}^{+0.16}$, $\ensuremath{\beta}=0.312_{\ensuremath{-}0.005}^{}{}_{}{}^{+0.002}$, ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}^{\ensuremath{'}}=1.310_{\ensuremath{-}0.05}^{}{}_{}{}^{+0.04}$ for the specific heat, magnetization, and magnetic susceptibility, respectively. For 2 dimensions, we estimate ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}^{\ensuremath{'}}=1.75_{\ensuremath{-}0.00}^{}{}_{}{}^{+0.01}$. In order to explain previous estimates of ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{\ensuremath{'}}=0$, we point out that a low power can, in practice, look deceptively like a logarithm. Finally, we discuss the behavior of the specific heat at constant magnetization.

DOI
10.1103/physrev.155.545

Related papers

Solution and Critical Behavior of Some "Three-Dimensional" Ising Models with a Four-Spin Interaction

Masuo Suzuki

An exact solution is obtained for some "three-dimensional" Ising models with a four-spin interaction. The spontaneous magnetization is vanishing for all temperatures. The temperature derivative of the susceptibility shows a divergence of the form ${({T}_{c}\ensuremath{-}T)}^{\frac{\ensuremath{-}7}{8}}$ below the critical point. The specific heat shows a logarithmic singularity. Several other related models are introduced with new types of singularities.

Physical Review Letters•Feb 21, 1972•73 citations

Critical behaviour of the Ising model above and below the critical temperature

J W Essam, D L Hunter

Previous series expansion studies of the magnetization and susceptibility of the Ising model are extended to the higher derivatives of the free energy with respect to the magnetic field. It is found that just above the critical temperature the 2 n th derivative is given by where in two dimensions γ = 1¾, Δ = 1fraction seven-eighths and in three dimensions γ = 1¼, Δ = 1fraction nine-sixteens. In two dimensions γ is exact and Δ is correct to 0.6%; the three-dimensional indices are correct to 0.2%. Just below the critical temperature where in three dimensions 0.303 <or= β <or= 0.318 and 1·55 <or= Δprime <or= 1.65. If the even derivatives are to have the same index above and below T c , then β = fraction five-sixteens and Δprime = 1fraction nine-sixteens. The latter index lies very close to the lower limit so that, although we cannot rule out Δprime = Δ, Δprime = 1fraction five-eighths is not unlikely. In two dimensions our results are consistent with linearity of the index and, if this is assumed, then β = fraction one-eighths and Δprime = 1fraction seven-eighths exactly and there is symmetry about T c . The amplitudes C 2 n + and C n - are estimated for n = 1 to 6.

Journal of Physics C Solid State Physics•Apr 1, 1968•80 citations

Finite-size scaling in the three-dimensional Ising model

Michael N. Barber, Robert B. Pearson, D. Toussaint +1 more

We have performed extensive studies of finite-size scaling in the three-dimensional Ising model, using a specially designed Ising processor. We show results for the susceptibility, the energy and specific heat, and the connected part of the fourth moment of the magnetization. Corrections to finite-size scaling are found to be small only for lattices of linear dimension greater than about L=24. This effect severely limits the accuracy to which critical parameters can be estimated. We estimate ${K}_{c}$=0.221 650\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.000 005 for the critical coupling, while exponent estimates are consistent with those obtained by other methods.

Physical review. B, Condensed matter•Aug 1, 1985•134 citations

Critical behavior of the three-dimensional random-field Ising model: Two-exponent scaling and discontinuous transition

Heiko Rieger

In extensive Monte Carlo simulations the phase transition of the random-field Ising model in three dimensions is investigated. The values of the critical exponents are determined via finite-size scaling. For a Gaussian distribution of the random fields it is found that the correlation length \ensuremath{\xi} diverges with an exponent \ensuremath{\nu}=1.1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2 at the critical temperature and that \ensuremath{\chi}\ensuremath{\sim}${\ensuremath{\xi}}^{2\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\eta}}}$ with \ensuremath{\eta}=0.50\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05 for the connected susceptibility and ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\chi}}}_{\mathrm{dis}}$\ensuremath{\sim}${\ensuremath{\xi}}^{4\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\eta}}\mathrm{\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}}}$ with \ensuremath{\eta}\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}=1.03\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05 for the disconnected susceptibility. Together with the amplitude ratio A=${\mathrm{lim}}_{\mathit{T}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathit{T}\mathit{c}}$${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\chi}}}_{\mathrm{dis}}$/${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\chi}}}^{2}$(${\mathit{h}}_{\mathit{r}}$/T${)}^{2}$ being close to one this gives further support for a two-exponent scaling scenario implying \ensuremath{\eta}\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}=2\ensuremath{\eta}. The magnetization behaves discontinuously at the transition, i.e., \ensuremath{\beta}=0. However, no divergence for the specific heat and in particular no latent heat is found. Also the probability distribution of the magnetization does not show a multipeak structure that would be characteristic for the phase-coexistence at first-order phase-transition points.

arXiv:cond-mat/9503041•Physical review. B, Condensed matter•Sep 1, 1995•138 citations

The adiabatic susceptibility and specific heat at constant magnetisation of the Ising model

Donald D. Betts

Low-temperature series expansions for the adiabatic susceptibility of the spin- 1 / 2 Ising model in three dimensions are generated. A simple ratio analysis of the susceptibility coefficients on low-coordination lattices leads to the hypothesis that in the critical region C H /C M = chi T / chi s approximately=4.

Journal of Physics A Mathematical and General•Nov 1, 1979•0 citations

Scaling laws and correlation functions near magnetic critical points

Robert Hecht

"Critical point phenomena in magnetic systems are studied with the aid of the scaling laws. These laws relate the critical indices which describe the behavior of thermodynamic and correlation functions near T. Kadanoff's derivation of the scaling 1aw is reviewed. An experimental survey of ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic data near T is presented. Susceptibility, correlation length, magnectization, specific heat and a magnetic equation of state are discussed. It is found that the ""critical region"" can extend as far as [equation] although frequently it is restricted to E < 10-2 The critical indices S, y, v, ~ and ~, are close to the three dimensional ISing model values. Values for 0, y' and ~ are not known as conclusively. Specific heat behavior is discussed in terms -~ of a three-parameter fit, namely C = aE + b. Varying b allows one to estimate a possible range of a's. The experimental information is consistent with the scaling law relations 2 - alpha = 2 - alpha' = dV = d gamma / (2-pi) = gamma + 2B = B(d+1) The scaling law theory is extended to predict the temperature, field and spatial dependence of various spin correlation functions. These predictions are checked by analytic calculations for the two dimensional Ising model in zero field. Results are presented for the energy density-energy density and energy density-spin correlation functions in the limit E « 1, R » 1, but the product ER arbitrary. Results are also presented for a group of two, three and four spin correlations at cT. In each case the scaling law predictions are verified."

•Jan 1, 1967•0 citations
We review the estimates for the critical indices of the Ising model below TC{T}_{C}TC​ and conclude (for 3 dimensions): \ensuremathα\ensuremath′=0.066\ensuremath−0.04+0.16{\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{\ensuremath{'}}=0.066_{\ensuremath{-}0.04}^{}{}_{}{}^{+0.16}\ensuremathα\ensuremath′=0.066\ensuremath−0.04​​+0.16, \ensuremathβ=0.312\ensuremath−0.005+0.002\ensuremath{\beta}=0.312_{\ensuremath{-}0.005}^{}{}_{}{}^{+0.002}\ensuremathβ=0.312\ensuremath−0.005​​+0.002, \ensuremathγ\ensuremath′=1.310\ensuremath−0.05+0.04{\ensuremath{\gamma}}^{\ensuremath{'}}=1.310_{\ensuremath{-}0.05}^{}{}_{}{}^{+0.04}\ensuremathγ\ensuremath′=1.310\ensuremath−0.05​​+0.04 for the specific heat, magnetization, and magnetic susceptibility, respectively. For 2 dimensions, we estimate \ensuremathγ\ensuremath′=1.75\ensuremath−0.00+0.01{\ensuremath{\gamma}}^{\ensuremath{'}}=1.75_{\ensuremath{-}0.00}^{}{}_{}{}^{+0.01}\ensuremathγ\ensuremath′=1.75\ensuremath−0.00​​+0.01. In order to explain previous estimates of \ensuremathα\ensuremath′=0{\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{\ensuremath{'}}=0\ensuremathα\ensuremath′=0, we point out that a low power can, in practice, look deceptively like a logarithm. Finally, we discuss the behavior of the specific heat at constant magnetization.
Previous series expansion studies of the magnetization and susceptibility of the Ising model are extended to the higher derivatives of the free energy with respect to the magnetic field. It is found that just above the critical temperature the 2 n th derivative is given by where in two dimensions γ = 1¾, Δ = 1fraction seven-eighths and in three dimensions γ = 1¼, Δ = 1fraction nine-sixteens. In two dimensions γ is exact and Δ is correct to 0.6%; the three-dimensional indices are correct to 0.2%. Just below the critical temperature where in three dimensions 0.303 <or= β <or= 0.318 and 1·55 <or= Δprime <or= 1.65. If the even derivatives are to have the same index above and below T c , then β = fraction five-sixteens and Δprime = 1fraction nine-sixteens. The latter index lies very close to the lower limit so that, although we cannot rule out Δprime = Δ, Δprime = 1fraction five-eighths is not unlikely. In two dimensions our results are consistent with linearity of the index and, if this is assumed, then β = fraction one-eighths and Δprime = 1fraction seven-eighths exactly and there is symmetry about T c . The amplitudes C 2 n + and C n - are estimated for n = 1 to 6.
We have performed extensive studies of finite-size scaling in the three-dimensional Ising model, using a specially designed Ising processor. We show results for the susceptibility, the energy and specific heat, and the connected part of the fourth moment of the magnetization. Corrections to finite-size scaling are found to be small only for lattices of linear dimension greater than about L=24. This effect severely limits the accuracy to which critical parameters can be estimated. We estimate Kc{K}_{c}Kc​=0.221 650\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.000 005 for the critical coupling, while exponent estimates are consistent with those obtained by other methods.
In extensive Monte Carlo simulations the phase transition of the random-field Ising model in three dimensions is investigated. The values of the critical exponents are determined via finite-size scaling. For a Gaussian distribution of the random fields it is found that the correlation length \ensuremath{\xi} diverges with an exponent \ensuremath{\nu}=1.1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2 at the critical temperature and that \ensuremath{\chi}\ensuremath{\sim}${\ensuremath{\xi}}^{2\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\eta}}}$ with \ensuremath{\eta}=0.50\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05 for the connected susceptibility and ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\chi}}}_{\mathrm{dis}}$\ensuremath{\sim}${\ensuremath{\xi}}^{4\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\eta}}\mathrm{\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}}}$ with \ensuremath{\eta}\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}=1.03\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05 for the disconnected susceptibility. Together with the amplitude ratio A=${\mathrm{lim}}_{\mathit{T}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathit{T}\mathit{c}}$${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\chi}}}_{\mathrm{dis}}$/${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\chi}}}^{2}$(hr{\mathit{h}}_{\mathit{r}}hr​/T)2{)}^{2})2 being close to one this gives further support for a two-exponent scaling scenario implying \ensuremath{\eta}\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}=2\ensuremath{\eta}. The magnetization behaves discontinuously at the transition, i.e., \ensuremath{\beta}=0. However, no divergence for the specific heat and in particular no latent heat is found. Also the probability distribution of the magnetization does not show a multipeak structure that would be characteristic for the phase-coexistence at first-order phase-transition points.
"Critical point phenomena in magnetic systems are studied with the aid of the scaling laws. These laws relate the critical indices which describe the behavior of thermodynamic and correlation functions near T. Kadanoff's derivation of the scaling 1aw is reviewed. An experimental survey of ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic data near T is presented. Susceptibility, correlation length, magnectization, specific heat and a magnetic equation of state are discussed. It is found that the ""critical region"" can extend as far as [equation] although frequently it is restricted to E < 10-2 The critical indices S, y, v, ~ and ~, are close to the three dimensional ISing model values. Values for 0, y' and ~ are not known as conclusively. Specific heat behavior is discussed in terms -~ of a three-parameter fit, namely C = aE + b. Varying b allows one to estimate a possible range of a's. The experimental information is consistent with the scaling law relations 2 - alpha = 2 - alpha' = dV = d gamma / (2-pi) = gamma + 2B = B(d+1) The scaling law theory is extended to predict the temperature, field and spatial dependence of various spin correlation functions. These predictions are checked by analytic calculations for the two dimensional Ising model in zero field. Results are presented for the energy density-energy density and energy density-spin correlation functions in the limit E « 1, R » 1, but the product ER arbitrary. Results are also presented for a group of two, three and four spin correlations at cT. In each case the scaling law predictions are verified."