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Journal of Modern Optics

Complex spatial structures due to atomic coherence

Gian‐Luca Oppo

Published Apr 23, 2010• 12 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The coupling of diffraction and optical coherence of a three-level medium in an optical cavity is considered. Self-organisation and pattern formation due to a combination of electromagnetically induced transparency, close-to-resonance Kerr effects and diffraction is demonstrated. Self-focusing in the peaks of the resulting Turing pattern leads to localised amplification of the input pump. Spatial dissipative solitons with controllable position, dispersion and coherence are also described.

DOI
10.1080/09500341003774704

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The coupling of diffraction and optical coherence of a three-level medium in an optical cavity is considered. Self-organisation and pattern formation due to a combination of electromagnetically induced transparency, close-to-resonance Kerr effects and diffraction is demonstrated. Self-focusing in the peaks of the resulting Turing pattern leads to localised amplification of the input pump. Spatial dissipative solitons with controllable position, dispersion and coherence are also described.
We employ an alternative control of diffraction based on the generation of slow-light dissipative solitons for a three-level medium in a cavity pumped by two quasi-resonant fields. Complex self-organised structures and spatial localization of light due to the interaction of diffraction and nonlinearity in optical cavities have important applications in optics and photonics, ranging from digital optical memories to delay lines. Note that conservative Raman solitons with slow-light have been observed in free propagation in a planar CS2waveguide by using the localization of a pump field.
Spatially periodic and localized structures in the transverse plane of a medium displaying electromagnetically induced transparency in an optical cavity and under the action of two pumps are investigated. The system supports a multitude of different complex spatial structures depending on the chosen initial condition. We explore regimes of multistable patterns, filaments, stable defects, scrolling structures, nested patterns, fronts, and the spontaneous occurrence of multiple cavity solitons. To simulate realistic conditions of operation, we replace periodic boundary conditions with pumps of finite size. Many of the multistable features are recovered apart from the scrolling of patterns with defects.
Clouds of cold neutral atoms driven by a coherent light beam in a ring cavity exhibit self-structured states transversely with respect to the beam axis due to optomechanical forces and the backaction of the atomic structures on the beam. Below the instability threshold for extended hexagonal structures, localized solitonlike excitations can be stable. These constitute peaks or holes of atom density, depending on the linear susceptibility of the cloud. Complex rotating and spiraling motion of coupled atom-light solitons, and, hence, atomic transport, can be achieved via phase gradients in the input field profile. We also discuss the stability of rotating soliton chains in view of soliton-soliton interactions. The investigations are performed in a cavity scheme but expected to apply to other longitudinally pumped schemes with diffractive coupling.
We study the formation of a nonlinear localized high-dimensional optical beam in a lifetime-broadened three-state atomic system. We show that stable high-dimensional spatial optical solitons with extremely weak-light intensity can occur in such a highly resonant medium through a mechanism of electromagnetically induced transparency. We demonstrate that the interaction between two high-dimensional spatial optical solitons displays interesting properties and these solitons can be easily controlled by manipulating the coupling optical field of the system.
Special features of generating a self-induced transparency in a medium with both resonant and non-resonant (Kerr-type) nonlinearities are considered. Soliton solutions of the Maxwell-Bloch equations are found, taking into account the diffraction divergence of the light beam. It is shown that solitons emerge in such a medium under conditions of two-dimensional optical beam scanning along the medium surface, and have non-coinciding propagating directions of the amplitude and phase fronts. As a necessary condition for the existence of solitons, there is a definite relationship between the scanning velocity and the parameters of the medium and radiation.
We investigate the formation and control of stationary optical patterns in a cold Rydberg atomic gas via double electromagnetically induced transparency. We show that, through the modulational instability of the plane-wave state of a laser field with two polarization components, the system undergoes a spontaneous symmetry breaking and hence the emergence of plentiful self-organized spatial optical structures, which can be manipulated by the ratio between the cross- and self-Kerr nonlinearities, the nonlocality degree of the Kerr nonlinearities, and the populations initially prepared in the two atomic ground states. Interestingly, a crossover from mixture to separation in space (optical phase separation) of the two polarization components occurs when the ratio between the cross- and self-Kerr nonlinearities exceeds a critical value. We also show that the system supports nonlocal two-component spatial optical solitons and vortices when the parameters of the system are selected suitably. The rich diversity and active controllability of the self-organized optical structures reported here provide a way for realizing novel optical patterns and solitons and their structural phase transitions based on Rydberg atomic gases.