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Journal of Chemical Education

Paradoxes from the uncertainty principle

Robert A. Harris, Herbert L. Strauss

Published Jun 1, 1978• 5 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The proofs in this article demonstrate paradoxes within the uncertainty principle.
DOI
10.1021/ed055p374

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We show that the proofs of Bell’s theorem regarding the Einstein, Podolsky, Rosen paradox about incompleteness of Quantum Mechanics implicitly use a negation of Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, for particles taken separately. Moreover, we show that the entanglement of the pair of particules, hidden variables and locality property are not necessary to establish the theorem. In other words, the theorem only speaks about Heisenberg’s principle and its experimental violation is simply another demonstration of the fundamental character of this principle. Therefore, the paradox is still alive and abandoning the locality property, as often advocated, is premature.
This article establishes the proof of the Schrdinger equation for numerous quantum systems, utilizing Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. The Fourier transform connects functions in the time and frequency domains, resulting in the mathematical inequality that is the foundation of the uncertainty principle. In the part of Methods and Theory, the article derives the uncertainty principle through Fourier transforms by defining the mean and variance of angular frequency and time, and subsequently expanding the integral. This establishes the fundamental connection between time and frequency domains, illustrating the constraints imposed by quantum mechanics. In the part of Results and Application, the article applies the uncertainty principle to derive the Schrdinger equation under different conditions: free particle, particle in a box, harmonic oscillator, and hydrogen atom. For each case, the article assumes wave function solutions, uses the uncertainty in position and momentum to estimate kinetic and potential energies, and shows that the total energy matches the ground state energy derived from the Schrdinger equation. The results highlight the critical role of Heisenberg's uncertainty principle in understanding key aspects of quantum mechanics, providing a unified framework for these diverse systems.